[Illustration: FIG. 122.--Ivory carving with records. Alaska.] The carving, Figure 122, made of a piece of walrus tusk, was copied from the original in the museum of the Alaska Commercial Company, San Francisco, California, during the summer of 1882. Interpretations were verified by Naumoff, a Kadiak half-breed, in San Francisco at the time. The special purport of some of the characters and etchings is not apparent. In No. 1 is a native whose left hand is resting against the house, while the right hangs toward the ground. The character to his right represents a “Shaman stick” surmounted by the emblem of a bird, a “good spirit,” in memory of some departed friend. It was suggested that the grave stick had been erected to the memory of his wife. No. 2. Represents a reindeer, but the special import in this drawing is unknown. No. 3. Signifies that one man, the recorder, shot and killed another with an arrow. No. 4. Denotes that the narrator has made trading expeditions with a dog-sledge. No. 5. Is a sail-boat, although the elevated paddle signifies that that was the manner in which the voyage was best made. No. 6. A dog-sled, with the animal hitched up for a journey. The radiating lines in the upper left hand corner, over the head of the man, is a representation of the sun. No. 7. A sacred lodge. The four figures at the outer corners of the square represent the young men placed on guard, armed with bows and arrows, to keep away those not members of the band, who are depicted as holding a dance. The small square in the center of the lodge represents the fire-place. The angular lines extending from the right side of the lodge to the vertical partition line are an outline of the subterranean entrance to the lodge. No. 8. A pine tree, upon which a porcupine is crawling upward. No. 9. A pine tree, from which a bird (woodpecker) is extracting larvæ for food. No. 10. A bear. No. 11. The recorder in his boat, holding aloft his double-bladed paddle to drive fish into a net. No. 12. An assistant fisherman driving fish into the net. No. 13. The net. The figure over the man (No. 12) represents a whale, with harpoon and line attached, caught by the narrator. * * * * * It will be understood that all personal customs, such, for instance, as the peculiar arrangement of hair in any tribe, are embodied in their pictorial designation by other tribes and perhaps by themselves. See in this connection, page 230. Among the many customs susceptible of graphic portrayal which do not happen to be illustrated in this paper, an example may be given in the mode in several tribes (_e. g._, Apache, Muskoki, Dakota and Miztec), of punishing the infidelity of wives, namely, by cutting off the nose. The picture of a noseless woman would, therefore, when made by those tribes, have distinct meaning. The unfaithful wife mentioned on page 134 is drawn with a nose, but in her case the greater punishment of death was inflicted.