(5) Dutch vermilion has a good name, and one method adopted in Holland is as follows:--A mixture of 2 lb. of mercury and 1 lb. of sulphur is thoroughly ground, and to 100 lb. of the mixture are added 2½ lb. of minium or of granulated lead. About 2 cwt. of the compound is put into each sublimation pot, which is duly heated. When the operation is finished, the pots are allowed to cool for eighteen to twenty hours, when they are broken, and their contents are ground in a mill. The lead remains as a sulphide in the bottom of the pots. (6) A modification of the Dutch method consists in making an intimate mixture of 54 lb. of mercury squeezed through chamois leather and 7½ lb. of flowers of sulphur, which is then moderately heated on a shallow iron dish, and the resulting black sulphide (“ethiops”) is coarsely broken, ground, and kept in pots. To convert the ethiops into vermilion, the former is put into large clay crucibles in a furnace, and heated to dark-redness, whereupon the mass takes fire. As soon as the flame has subsided, the crucibles are covered with a close-fitting iron plate, and the firing is continued for thirty-six hours. The mass is stirred every half-hour with an iron rod, and fresh additions of ethiops are made at four or five hours’ intervals. The vermilion is sublimed, and condenses on the cool portion of the interior of the crucibles, whence it is collected by breaking the crucibles when cold, and is finally ground and levigated. (7) Kirchoff’s method requires special care, and consists in grinding 300 lb. of mercury with 68 lb. of flowers of sulphur in a mortar, the sulphur being first moistened with a few drops of caustic potash. The resulting black sulphide of mercury is added to 160 lb. of caustic potash dissolved in very little water, and the whole is heated for half an hour on a sand bath, with occasional addition of water to make up for loss by evaporation. Gradually the mass, under constant agitation, becomes brown and gelatinous, and finally red. Thereupon it is carried to the stove room and still agitated at intervals. After several washings it is drained, and dried very gently. (8) Weshle mixes finely powdered cinnabar with 1 per cent. of antimony sulphide, and boils the mixture several times with three parts of potassium sulphide in a cast-iron pot. The precipitate is water-washed, digested with hydrochloric acid, washed again, and finally dried. (9) Jacquelin takes 90 lb. of mercury, 30 of sulphur, 30 of water, and 20 of hydrated potash; the mercury and sulphur are put into a shallow cast-iron dish, dipping into cold water, and the potash solution is added by degrees while the mass is kept in agitation. Then the mixture is heated for an hour at 176° F., the evaporated water being replenished. The vermilion is washed in an excess of boiling water, and again several times in cold water, and finally filtered and dried. VICTORIA RED.--One of the fancy names for Derby red. (See p. 145.) CHAPTER VII. WHITES.