16. How did Sylla act when he learned the news of the change? 17. What caused a tumult in Cinna's army? 18. How did it end? 19. What artifice was practised on Scipio? 20. What was the result? 21. Describe the relative condition of the rival forces? 22. Did Pompey obtain any victory? 23. What was the consequence? 24. Which faction finally prevailed? 25. What massacre was perpetrated by Sylla? 26. How did he excuse it? 27. Were these his only cruelties? 28. What magistracy did Sylla usurp? 29. How did he govern? 30. In what manner did the tyranny of Sylla terminate? FOOTNOTES: [1] So astonished was Jugur'tha at the mercenary disposition discovered by the Romans, that he is said to have exclaimed, on leaving the city, "Oh, Rome! thou wouldst thyself be sold, could a chapman be found to purchase thee." [2] It has been said with great truth, that "the wicked have no friends." Jugur'tha experienced this. Bomil'car, who professed the warmest attachment to Jugur'tha, was gained over by the proconsul Metel'lus to persuade his master, that submission to the Romans was absolutely necessary. Jugur'tha accordingly sent an embassy to the proconsul, professing his readiness to submit to any terms. Upon this he was required to send to the Romans 200,000 pounds weight of silver, all his elephants, a certain number of horses and arms, and all deserters. The king complied exactly with these hard conditions; but after thus weakening his resources, he found himself still obliged to continue the war, or submit to such farther impositions as would have endangered, not only his crown, but his life. [3] Never did any one more deservedly suffer than this treacherous and cruel man. [4] This king incurred the resentment of the Romans by making war on some of their allies, and by putting Op'pius and Aquil'ius to death. Upbraiding the Romans with their avarice and corruption, he caused melted gold to be poured down the throat of the latter. [5] Two events, important in the history of Rome, occurred about this time. Serto'rius, a Roman general, in Spain, had rebelled against the government of Syl'la, and defeated every army sent against him, till Pompey took the command; and even then the result appeared doubtful, till Serto'rius, being assassinated by his own officers put an end to the war. Spar'tacus, a gladiator, having escaped from confinement, and assembled a number of his followers, commenced what is called the second Servile War. His army gradually increasing, he became a formidable enemy to the Roman state; overthrew the praetors and consuls sent against him; but was at length defeated by Crassus, and the remains of his army cut in pieces by Pompey, who met them on his return from Spain. * * * * * CHAPTER XIX. FROM THE PERPETUAL DICTATORSHIP OF SYLLA TO THE TRIUMVIRATE OF CAESAR, POMPEY, AND CRASSUS.--U.C. 680.