=Figworts= (_Scrophularia nodosa_ L. and _S. aquatica_ L.). These plants are not likely to be eaten by animals, but Cornevin states that the former is strongly emetic and purgative, and that in excess it may cause superpurgation ending in death. Müller says that the two species have respectively caused poisonous symptoms in a cow and a sheep; in the case of the cow there were loss of appetite and symptoms of paralysis. From _S. nodosa_ Walz extracted a bitter, crystalline substance, _Scrophularine_. =Yellow Rattle= (_Rhinanthus Crista-galli_ L.). When grass land is put under the plough Yellow Rattle present may re-appear in a cereal crop as a semi-parasite, and its seeds may later be ground up with the grain, imparting a reddish or violet-brown colour and an unpleasant taste to the flour and even bread made from it. It is strongly suspected of being poisonous, like _Pedicularis_ and _Melampyrum_, but it is by no means clear how far it may prove harmful to stock. It is believed by some people to impart a bad taste to the butter made from the milk of cows grazing on infested pastures. Lehmann ate without harm 35 grammes (about 1¼ oz.) of the seeds made into a cake and cooked; and during four days he gave a rabbit 1238 grammes (2·7 lb.) of the fresh plant with half-ripe seeds, without apparent injury (73). In some poor pastures it occurs in excessive quantity, and would appear to be only very slightly poisonous, or would have attracted wider attention. It is possibly only poisonous after being eaten for a prolonged period, as in the case of _Lolium temulentum_, and _Lathyrus sativus_. The seeds contain the bitter-sweet glucoside _Rhinanthin_ (C_{29}H_{52}O_{20}), which is suspected of having poisonous properties. =Cow-Wheat= (_Melampyrum arvense_ L.). It seems clear that Cow-Wheat is at least not poisonous unless eaten in very considerable quantities—amounts in fact which in practice are most unlikely to be eaten. The seeds may occur in cereal grains, and hence be ground up into meal. As they are said to contain a glucoside analogous to _Rhinanthin_, have a bitter taste and peculiar odour, and impart a violet coloration to flour, their presence in cornfields is most undesirable. According to Pammel this plant induces sleepiness and colic.