[18] See the Theataetus, p. 176. Carv. 84; the Phaedo. p. 69, Cary, 37; the Republic, vi. p. 509; Cary, 19; x. p. 613, Cary, 12; the Laws, iv. p. 716, Cary, 8; also Plotinos i. 2.1. [19] See i. 9. [20] A Stoic confutation of Epicurus and the Gnostics. As soon as Porphyry has left him, Plotinos harks back to Amelius, on whose leaving he had written against the Gnostics. He also returns to Numenian thoughts. Bouillet notices that here Plotinos founded himself on Chrysippus, Marcus Aurelius, and Epictetus, and was followed by Nemesius. This new foundation enabled him to assume a rather independent attitude. Against Plato, he taught that matter derived existence from God, and that the union of the soul and body is not necessarily evil. Against Aristotle, he taught that God is not only the final, but also the efficient cause of the universe. Against the Stoics, he taught that the human soul is free, and is a cause, independent of the World Soul from which she proceeded. Against the Gnostics, he insisted that the creator is good, the world is the best possible, and Providence extends to mundane affairs. Against the Manicheans, he taught that the evil is not positive, but negative, and is no efficient cause, so that there is no dualism. [21] Diog. Laert. x. 133. [22] See iv. 2.4; vi. 7; see Plato, Philebus, p. 30, Cary, 56; Philo, Leg. Alleg, vi. 7. [23] Lactantius, de Ira Dei, 13. [24] Ireneus, Ref. Her. ii. 3. [25] As in vi. 7.1. [26] Philo, de Creatione Mundi, 6. [27] As the Gnostics taught; see ii. 9.1. [28] As was held by the Gnostics, who within the divinity distinguished potentiality and actuality, as we see in ii. 9.1. [29] See ii. 9.3. 8. [30] Numenius, 32. [31] Plato, Timaeus, p. 48, Cary, 21. Statesman, p. 273, Cary, 16; Laws, x. p. 904, Cary, 12. [32] See ii. 9.2. [33] From Aristotle, de Anima, 2. [34] This is the Aristotelian psychological scheme. [35] Clem. Al.; Strom. v. p. 712; Stobaeus, Ecl. Phys. i. p. 372, 446. [36] iv. 8.12; Plato, Tim. p. 41. 69; Cary, 16, 44. [37] Stob. Ecl. Eth. ii. 7. [38] iii. 2.13. [39] p. 253; Cary, 74. [40] Sen. 526. [41] According to Plato's Theaetetus, p. 176, Cary, 83; Numenius,16. [42] Seneca, de Provid. 2. [43] In his Republic, ix. p. 585, Cary, 10. [44] See iii. 1.9. [45] See iv. 3.12. [46] See iv. 3.5. [47] Gregory of Nyssa, Catech. Orat. 7. [48] As thought Sallust, Consp. Cat. 52. [49] Republic x. p. 620; Cary, 16; Numenius, 57. [50] As said Sallust, Conspiration of Catiline, 52. [51] As thought Epictetus, Manual, 31. [52] In his Republic, vi. p. 488; Cary, 4. [53] Marcus Aurelius. Thoughts, xi. 18. [54] As thought Cicero, de Nat. Deor. iii. 63. 64. [55] As thought Philo, de Prov. in Eus. Prep. Ev. viii. 14. [56] According to Plato, in the Sophist and Protagoras, and the Stoics, as in Marcus Aurelius. Meditations, vii. 63. [57] As did the writer of Revelation, iv. 6. [58] In his Timaeus, p. 29e, Cary, 10.