Poine: a study in ancient Greek blood-vengeanceTreston, Hubert Joseph
History
Poine: a study in ancient Greek blood-vengeance
Treston, Hubert Joseph
Criminal law (Greek law); Greece -- Civilization; Greek drama (Tragedy) -- History and criticism; Homicide (Greek law); Vendetta
We have frequently[122] referred to the Ephetae in connection with the
Exegetae or Interpreters, and we have described both these groups as a
sacerdotal nobility. We must now attempt to explain this connection,
and, incidentally, discuss the origin of the curiously constant number
‘fifty-one,’ which is usually associated with the Ephetae. According to
Suidas,[123] the Exegetae or Interpreters were appointed or controlled by
the oracle at Delphi and they were three in number. Pollux[124] defines
the Exegetae as ‘those who gave information regarding omens and other
sacred matters.’ But the Tribe-Kings, as Pollux states,[125] were also
concerned with ‘sacred matters’: and so, therefore, probably, were the
Ephetae. Now Demosthenes does not mention the number three in connexion
with the Exegetae. Neither does Plato. Plutarch[126] states that the
Eupatridae of Athens were the Exegetae of sacred law. This statement
implies that the Exegetae were a widespread caste rather than a group
of three individuals. Similarly Lysias[127] refers to the Eumolpidae of
Eleusis as the Exegetae of unwritten customs.
Taking it for granted that the Athenian Interpreters were three in
number, Gilbert[128] and Schömann explain the number fifty-one, which
is applied by Dracon to the Ephetae, as composed of forty-eight Ephetae
(elected by the four Ionian tribes of Attica, twelve from each tribe) and
of three Exegetae. According to this view, there was in Dracon’s time
no distinction between the Exegetae as Interpreters and the Exegetae as
homicide-judges. Müller,[129] however, thinks that the three Exegetae
were not judges, but only purifiers; and he explains the number fifty-one
as a Cleisthenic or post-Cleisthenic figure, made up of, say, five
members from each of the ten Cleisthenic tribes, and one additional
judge, who was presumably the King-Archon.[130] But, we may point
out, the number fifty-one occurs in the actual (unrestored) Draconian
inscription[131] of the year 409-8 B.C.: and it is improbable that any
changes were made in the law in the time of Cleisthenes.
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