Poine: a study in ancient Greek blood-vengeanceTreston, Hubert Joseph
History
Poine: a study in ancient Greek blood-vengeance
Treston, Hubert Joseph
Criminal law (Greek law); Greece -- Civilization; Greek drama (Tragedy) -- History and criticism; Homicide (Greek law); Vendetta
This view must now be defended from the text of Homer. In the
_Odyssey_[4] we read that there came as a suppliant to Telemachus, at
Pylos, a murderer from Argos, named Theoclymenus. He was a great-grandson
of Melampus who was a contemporary of Nestor, and the family had been
settled in Argos for four generations.[5] That the family was Achaean is
rendered obvious by the Homeric text.[6] That the victim was probably
a kinsman of the murderer appears from the words ἄνδρα ἔμφυλον.[7] We
pointed out, in the Introduction,[8] how easily relatives could have
accumulated in one or two hundred years, without, however, attaining to
the reality, whatever may be said about the appearance, of a clan. But
the important point to note is that, even in exile, Theoclymenus feared
the death which was desired by those who were at once akin to him and to
his victim. ‘I have fled,’ he says, ‘from my country, for the manslaying
of one of mine own kin; and many brothers and kinsmen of the slain are
in Argos ... and rule mightily over the Achaeans. Wherefore now am I an
exile to shun death and the black fate at their hands.... Set me on board
ship since I supplicate thee in my flight, lest they slay me utterly: for
methinks they follow hard after me.’[9] Nothing could be farther removed
than this from the recognised exile penalty of the wergeld system. The
passage shows, moreover, that the supplication was not an appeal for
homicide-purgation, as Müller would maintain[10]—we shall see later that
this ceremonial was post-Homeric—but was merely an appeal for protection
from the avengers of blood.
A similar supplication is mentioned in a passage in the _Iliad_,[11]
in which we read that ‘Epeigeus, who ruled fair-set Boudeion of old,
when he had slain a good man of his kin, came as suppliant to Peleus and
silver-footed Thetis ... and they sent him to follow with Achilles.’
The locality of Boudeion is unknown.[12] While we cannot argue that
Epeigeus was an Achaean from the fact that he is included amongst the
Myrmidons (after his adoption by Peleus), still we may presume that he
was an Achaean from the behaviour of Peleus and hence we may interpret
his exile as a flight from death. We may therefore infer that death was
the Achaean penalty for kin-slaying. This passage also illustrates the
statement of Leaf[13] that homicide, among Achaeans, brings no disability
other than exile from home. To an ambitious young man ‘exile under such
circumstances is no punishment: a wealthy and generous king can give
opportunities of advancement beyond all the hopes of a narrow family
circle.’ Epeigeus, as Homer tells us,[14] was slain by Hector in battle
before the walls of Troy. His enrolment among the Myrmidons saved him
from the hands of the avengers of blood.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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