Atheism does not disqualify a witness. Austin's views of law. "Avocation, affected with a public interest." Bakers, statute of (_see Assize of Bread and Ale_). Bakeshops, bakeries, legislation concerning (_see Sweatshops_). Balance of trade thought desirable as early as 1335. Ballot, form of, (_see Elections_); the Australian, New York, etc. Banishment not a constitutional punishment. Bankruptcy act, the first, A.D. 1515; under Cromwell; national. Battle, trial by. Beds, making of, regulated in Oklahoma and the England of 1495. Beer (_see Sumptuary Legislation, Assize of Beer_). Beggars (see _Vagabonds_). Benefit funds, legislation against. Benefit of clergy, origin of; in modern trials; reason of; modification of in murder, etc.; extended to women; withheld from all women earlier. Betterment taxes (_see Eminent Domain_), limitation of; reason for. Bigamy, a sin, not a crime in the earlier view; statute of; forbidden by statute of James I. Bill of rights (_see Petition of Right, Constitution_). Bills of exchange, invention of. Bills of lading. Bishops, may be appointed by the crown; abolished in 1646. Black death, gave rise to first statute of laborers; plague of, 1348; effect of on prices; Black labor (see _Negroes, Peonage, etc._), in the Orange River Colony. Blacklists (see _Boycotts)_, American statutes against; in modern American statutes; laws against in Germany and Austria. Blackmail statutes. Blackstone quoted as to legislation. "Bloody" statute against heretics, 1539. Boards and commissions, growth of; must be bi-partisan. Bounties, constitutional objection to; usually unconstitutional; in foreign countries; Federal bounties; public appropriations may be justified in times of emergency; State usual subjects of. Bows and arrows (_see Archery_) much used in England. Boycotts (see _Conspiracy_) first recorded precedent of in 1221; "against the common weal of the people" made unlawful in 1503; in modern times; intent the test; statutes; definitions of; unlawful under anti-trust laws; in modern American statutes; Alabama definition of; no European legislation on; right to prosecute as bearing upon right to freedom of speech. Brewer, Justice, Yale address quoted Bribery of votes by employment, etc. (_see Corruption_); recent statute against. Building, laws regulating; sanitary regulations under police power. Bulk, sales in. Business corporations, act of, Massachusetts. By-laws, of guilds must not be in restraint of trade; against the common weal of the people made unlawful in 1503; of corporations must be reasonable; illegal, forbidden, 1503; forbidding appeal to the law courts unlawful; the Norwich tailors' case.