(1284) Jury trial was well established by this time, for the Statute of Wales includes it in its code of procedure for that principality. The great Statute _De Donis_, or Westminster II, came the following year; most interesting to lawyers as the foundation of estates tail; but it also regulates "assizes or juries" that "rich men do not abide at home by reason of their bribes." It also specifically requires indictment "of twelve lawful men at least," and gives an action against sheriffs imprisoning without such warrant "as they should have against any other person." Rape, ten years before made punishable only by two years' imprisonment, is now made an offence punishable by loss of life or member; showing how our ancestors treated a burning question, at least in our Southern States, of to-day. Finally, it confirms and explains the writ _de odio et atia_, the predecessor of the modern _habeas corpus_. Some writers have doubted whether this writ existed as a practical remedy much before the Statute of Charles II; but here it says that parties indicted, etc., are to have the writ _de odio et atia_ "lest they be kept long in prison, like as it is declared in Magna Charta." This can only refer to C. 36 of John's Charter, "the writ of inquest of life or limb to be given gratis and not denied"; and taken in connection with the action for damages just given affords a fairly complete safeguard to personal liberty. It also contains the first game law, protecting "salmons." "There are salmons in Wye," says Shakespeare, and we are reminded of it because the Statute of Winchester in the same year contains a provision that is almost literally quoted by Dogberry in "Twelfth Night." It provides for the gates of great towns to be shut at sunset, and that no citizen should bear arms, and no tavern sell drink after 9 P.M., and then it comes to the duties of the watch, which are described in such like manner that Dogberry's language seems a mere paraphrase. Whoever wrote the play certainly had read the Statutes of the Realm for the year 1285, but so far as I am aware, the Baconians have not yet called attention to this. And the same statute shows us how much better police protection the England of 1285 gave than the New York or Chicago of 1909; for all the people dwelling in the hundred or country (county) if they do not deliver the body of the offender, "shall be answerable for the robberies done and also the damages." The same year was a statute of "The common customs of the City of London," among which was one that "taverns should not be open after 9 P.M. for the selling of wine or ale," a regulation for their "tenderloin," which itself is described in quite modern terms; "none shall walk the streets after curfew." Possibly the same year is the Statute of Bakers, with careful provisions against putrid meat, worthy of consideration by our cold-storage plants. Butchers selling unwholesome flesh, or buying it of the Jews, were severely punished.