This latter notion, which includes the one applying to terrestrial
bodies as a special case, is, as we see, quite different from the
conception from which we started. How limited in scope was the original
idea and to what a multitude of phenomena is not the present one
applicable! Yet there is a trace, after all, of the "search for place"
in the expression "attraction." And it would be folly, indeed, for us to
avoid, with punctilious dread, this conception of "attraction" as
bearing marks of its pedigree. It is the historical base of the
Newtonian conception and it still continues to direct our thoughts in
the paths so long familiar to us. Thus, the happiest ideas do not fall
from heaven, but spring from notions already existing.
Similarly, a ray of light was first regarded as a continuous and
homogeneous straight line. It then became the path of projection for
minute missiles; then an aggregate of the paths of countless different
kinds of missiles. It became periodic; it acquired various sides; and
ultimately it even lost its motion in a straight line.
The electric current was conceived originally as the flow of a
hypothetical fluid. To this conception was soon added the notion of a
chemical current, the notion of an electric, magnetic, and anisotropic
optical field, intimately connected with the path of the current. And
the richer a conception becomes in following and keeping pace with
facts, the better adapted it is to anticipate them.
Adaptive processes of this kind have no assignable beginning, inasmuch
as every problem that incites to new adaptation, presupposes a fixed
habitude of thought. Moreover, they have no visible end; in so far as
experience never ceases. Science, accordingly, stands midway in the
evolutionary process; and science may advantageously direct and promote
this process, but it can never take its place. That science is
inconceivable the principles of which would enable a person with no
experience to construct the world of experience, without a knowledge of
it. One might just as well expect to become a great musician, solely by
the aid of theory, and without musical experience; or to become a
painter by following the directions of a text-book.
In glancing over the history of an idea with which we have become
perfectly familiar, we are no longer able to appreciate the full
significance of its growth. The deep and vital changes that have been
effected in the course of its evolution, are recognisable only from the
astounding narrowness of view with which great contemporary scientists
have occasionally opposed each other. Huygens's wave-theory of light was
incomprehensible to Newton, and Newton's idea of universal gravity was
unintelligible to Huygens. But a century afterwards both notions were
reconcilable, even in ordinary minds.
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