Appropriation measures, as for example the Independent Offices Appropriation Act of 1948, included funds to be expended for objects of a confidential nature and required auditing officials to accept the certificate of the expending agency as to the amount of the expenditure and that it was deemed inadvisable to specify the nature thereof.[471] Similarly, the National Military Establishment Appropriation Act of 1950 stipulated that the determination of the propriety of expenditure of the funds by the Secretaries of the military departments should be final and conclusive upon the accounting officers of the government. Payments from this appropriation might in the discretion of the Secretary, be made on his certificate that the expenditures were necessary for confidential military purposes.[472] The Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 granted the Central Intelligence Agency a sweeping exemption “from the provisions of any law which requires the publication or disclosure of the organization, functions, names, official titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed by it,” and provided further that “the Director of the Bureau of the Budget shall make no reports to the Congress in connection with the Agency.”[473] _Suppression of Information Concerning Inventions of Military Significance_: Here an abridgment of a private economic right which is quasi-constitutional in character is justified on grounds of security. The Government appears to be concerned not so much with gaining access to inventions as with suppression of the publication, particularly abroad, of inventions of military value.[474] A Congressional Act of July 1, 1940 states in part: “Whenever the publication or disclosure of an invention by the granting of a patent might, in the opinion of the Commissioner of Patents, be detrimental to the public safety or defense he may order that the invention be kept secret and withhold the grant of a patent for such period or periods as in his opinion the national interest requires.”[475]