8. =Left Heart.= Note same things in left side of heart as on right. In cardiac paralysis left ventricle is filled with blood if rigor mortis has not set in. Left ventricle wall is 10-15 mm. thick normally; may become 30 mm. thick in hypertrophy. Papillary muscles and trabeculæ may be markedly hypertrophic, but in the greatly dilated heart (aortic insufficiency) may be much flattened. The septum of the ventricles may share in the hypertrophy of either ventricle and when hypertrophic bulges into the cavity of the unaffected side. Examine wall of left ventricle, particularly near the apex, for infarcts, fibroid patches, aneurismal dilatation, rupture, fatty degeneration, thrombi, etc. Look particularly for pathologic conditions involving the atrioventricular bundle. 9. =Orifices and Valves.= Orifices should measure as follows:—Tricuspid (12-12.7 cm.), mitral (10.4-10.9 cm.), pulmonary (8.9-9.2 cm.), aorta (7.7-8 cm.). Rough measurements may be taken with the fingers, tricuspid admitting three, mitral two, pulmonary one and a half, aorta thumb. The orifices may be measured by graduated cones, or in the ordinary way after the heart is sectioned. Normally the edges of the valve-flaps should be delicate, smooth and thin. Examine for vegetations, thrombi, induration, thickening, contractions, ulcerations, tears, perforations, defects, calcification, atheroma, valvular aneurism, etc. Note thickening, contraction, adhesion, shortening, etc., of the chordæ tendinæ. When the tendons are long, narrow and thread-like, and without adhesions, the probabilities are that a lesion of the mitral orifice was not present. 10. =Coronary Vessels.= Walls should be uniformly delicate and thin, and the intima should be delicate, gray and transparent. Note contents of arteries and veins. Examine arteries especially for thrombi, emboli, arteriosclerosis, atheroma, calcification, obliteration of lumen, thickening of wall, loss of elasticity, opacity of intima and increased tortuosity of course. The most important pathologic conditions of the heart are:—endocarditis (ulcerosa, maligna, verrucosa, simplex, chronica fibrosa, sclerosing), valvular insufficiency and stenosis, hypertrophy, dilatation, atrophy, fatty infiltration, fatty degeneration, cloudy swelling, anæmic infarction, calcification, acute and chronic myocarditis, abscess, fibroid heart, cardiac aneurism, rupture, thrombosis, embolism, malformations (septum defects, patent ductus arteriosus, stenosis or atresia of orifices), tuberculosis (not rare, in association with tuberculous pericarditis, or general miliary tuberculosis), syphilis (gumma not common, localized or diffuse interstitial myocarditis the most common manifestation), actinomycosis, cysticercus, echinococcus, trichina and neoplasms (primary rare, in part congenital, fibroma, lipoma, angioma, myxoma, rhabdomyoma; secondary sarcoma less rare than secondary carcinoma, most common forms are melanotic sarcoma and lymphosarcoma).