The most important pathologic conditions of the kidneys are anomalies (horse-shoe kidney, dystopia, double ureters, congenital lobulation), floating kidney, congestion, anæmia, infarction, thrombosis and embolism of renal vessels, atrophy (simple, arteriosclerotic), hydronephrosis, nephrolithiasis, nephritis (parenchymatous, hæmorrhagic, secondary contracted, primary contracted), rupture, amyloid degeneration, abscess, pyelonephritis, tuberculosis, syphilis, actinomycosis, uric-acid infarct, hæmatoidin- and hæmosiderin-infarct, bilirubin-infarct, chalk-infarct, argyrosis, retention- and degeneration-cysts, congenital cystic kidney, neoplasms (hypernephroma and adenoma the most common; carcinoma infrequent, sarcoma more common, particularly the congenital adenosarcoma or rhabdomyosarcoma; fibroma, leiomyoma, lipoma and angioma are relatively rare. Secondary carcinoma and sarcoma are common), pyelitis, ureteritis (cystica, polyposa, diphtheritica, purulenta), pyonephrosis, parasites (distomum hæmotobium, echinococcus, filaria, cysticercus, pentastomum and dioctophyme renale). 14. =Abdominal Aorta=, =Iliacs= and =Vena Cava=. Note size of lumen, thickness of wall, character of endothelium and contents. Sclerosis, fatty degeneration of intima, atheroma, calcification, aneurism, inflammation, thrombosis, stenosis, dilatation, compression, and infiltrations with pus or neoplasm are the most important conditions. 15. =Lymphatic Vessels.= Inflammation, obstruction, rupture, tuberculosis and invasion by malignant neoplasms are the most important conditions. (See also Thoracic Duct, Chapter VIII, Page 130.) 16. =Lymphnodes.= The retroperitoneal _lymphnodes_ and _hæmolymph nodes_ are described as to their number, size, color, consistence, occurrence of hyperplasia, lymphadenitis, atrophy, congestion, œdema, hæmorrhage, pigmentation, tuberculosis, metastatic tumors, primary tumors (lymphosarcoma), leukæmic hyperplasias and Hodgkin’s disease. 17. =Sympathetic.= The solar plexus, semilunar ganglia and adrenal plexus should be examined, particularly in Addison’s disease, for atrophy, degenerations, involvement in inflammatory processes, hæmorrhages, tumor-infiltrations, etc. 18. =Psoas Muscles and Diaphragm.= Examine for purulent, phlegmonous or gangrenous inflammations, tuberculosis, actinomycosis, trichinosis, atrophy and scar-tissue. Pus from carious processes in the thoracic and lumbar vertebræ burrows downward along the psoas muscle. 19. =Vertebrae.= Fractures, dislocations, curvatures, deviations, tuberculosis, caries, actinomycosis, etc. CHAPTER XI. THE EXAMINATION OF THE PELVIC ORGANS. I. METHODS OF EXAMINATION.