1. =Bones and Bone-Marrow.= The methods employed will depend wholly upon the indications in any given case, the anatomic relations and the aim of the examination. Anatomic knowledge should be applied in the removal of any bone. In the case of the extremities adequate incisions should be made in the skin extending the entire length of the bone which is to be removed, and the soft parts dissected from the bone before the latter is disarticulated or cut out. When the bone is examined _in situ_ it may be opened with hammer and chisel or cut with a saw, either transversely or longitudinally, so as to give the most instructive picture of the condition present. The spinal column may be cut longitudinally. The symphysis pubis is first cut through, a block of wood is placed beneath the lumbar vertebræ, and the vertebral bodies are sawed through in the median line, from below upward, moving the block toward the head as the sawing proceeds. The cut-surfaces of the vertebræ are then inspected. The _pelvis_ may be removed whole in connection with the lumbar vertebræ and the upper halves of the femurs. The _spinal column_ and the _pelvis_ may also be removed entire by sawing the ribs on each side of the spine, cutting the occipito-atloid ligaments above, and disarticulating the femurs or sawing them at their upper half or third and removing them with the pelvis. Of the long bones the _femur_ is the one most frequently examined. An incision is made in the skin from the groin in the direction of the large vessels extending to the middle of the leg. The ligamentum patellæ is cut through and the skin and muscles turned back at the knee until the joint is laid bare; the capsule of the joint is opened and the femur disarticulated. The skin and muscles are then separated from the upper part of the femur, the hip-joint opened, and the femur disarticulated and removed. When held in a vise it may be opened longitudinally by sawing. Other bones are removed as indicated; the chief points to be observed in their removal are the anatomic considerations and the making of the incisions in such a way as to cause the least possible disfigurement. For the examination of the _bone-marrow_ the tibia or femur, sternum, a rib and the body of one of the vertebræ are usually opened by means of the saw or chisel. 2. =Joints.= The joints are opened for examination with attention to the same considerations given above for the examination of the bones. Approved surgical incisions may be used. If fistulous openings into the joint are present these should not be cut until the joint is open. When bacteriologic examinations are to be made the joint should be opened with a sterile knife, or the capsule seared and punctured with a sterile pipette through which the contents of the joint-cavity are secured. The articular surfaces, epiphyses and diaphyses should be examined by transverse or vertical incisions.