2. =Joints.= _Capsule_ (thickness, tension, defects, tears, perforations, adhesions), _cavity_ (contents [normally a few drops of light-yellow, clear fluid, more in knee-joint than in other joints; may be serous, purulent, hæmorrhagic or fibrinous], adhesions, granulation-tissue, rice-bodies, free bodies, joint-mice, obliteration of cavity, osseous, fibrinous or cartilaginous ankylosis, changes in internal articular ligaments), _synovial membrane_ (a delicate pale grayish, smooth membrane; rough from exudate or formation of granulation-tissue; red in hyperæmia or hæmorrhage. Note folds and villi; subserous fat-tissue), _articular surfaces_ (loss or increase of cartilage, separation of cartilage, newly-formed bone, granulation-tissue, deposits of lime-salts or urates, necrosis or purulent infiltration of the cartilage, erosions, eburnations, defects or enlargement of ends of bones; in degeneration and necrosis the bluish-white, transparent cartilage becomes opaque, cloudy and yellowish). The most important pathologic conditions of the joints are: arthritis (acute, chronic, serous, purulent, gangrenous, primary, secondary, gonococcal, pneumococcal, streptococcal, tuberculous, syphilitic, deformans, villosa, prolifera cartilaginea, adhæsiva, ulcerosa, sicca, neuropathic), dislocations, deformities, abnormal position, congenital anomalies, chondritis, spondylitis, gout, necrosis, ankylosis, tuberculosis, syphilis, free bodies, neoplasms (rare: angioma, sarcoma, chondroma, lipoma; secondary more common from an extension of sarcoma of neighboring structures; metastatic tumors rare), and parasites (echinoccocus very rare). 3. =Lymphnodes, Peripheral Vessels and Nerves, Sympathetic and Organs of Special Sense.= The pathologic conditions of these structures have been given above. CHAPTER XIII THE AUTOPSY OF THE NEW-BORN. I. METHODS OF EXAMINATION. The =Section of the New-Born= differs from that of the adult in several particulars, as follows:— _a. Spinal Cord._ The spinal canal may be opened with the scissors alone, as the soft, bony structures of the spinal column are easily cut.