3. =Skull-Cap.= The measurements (circumference, 49-65 cms.; long. diam., 18 cms.; trans. diam., 13-15 cms.), form, asymmetry, character of surface (normally smooth and moist), color of cranial bones, character of sutures and fontanels (easily traced?), supernumerary sutures and bones, consistence (softened in craniotabes, purulent inflammations, syphilis, neoplasm), new-formations of bone, perforations (syphilis, neoplasms, Pacchionian granulations, purulent inflammation), elevations, depressions, fractures, areas of erosion or absorption, thickenings of external surface (crater-like due to organized cephalhæmatoma, chronic periostitis, neoplasm or gumma), radiating scars or indurations (syphilis), red, soft, spongy thickenings (rachitis). The temporal and frontal regions are most frequently the seat of syphilitic (corona veneris) and rachitic changes (frontal and temporal bosses, square forehead, etc.) Note ease or difficulty in sawing, relation of external table, diploë and inner table, measure thickest and thinnest portions, character and amount of diploë, weight of skull-cap (heavy in sclerosis, light in atrophy), dural adhesions, examine by transmitted light (color, blood-content, presence of pus in diploë may be shown by greenish or yellow color), smooth or rough inner table, erosions (rough, more or less reddened), grooves of meningeal vessels, Pacchionian erosions, hyperostosis, exostosis, osteoma, osteophytes (not uncommon in pregnant women, also in hydrocephalus, acromegaly), atrophy (old age, craniotabes, hydrocephalus), sclerosis (syphilis). In marked cachexias (cancer of stomach) the inner table often shows a high degree of erosion and atrophy.