Happy Thought Mine Amethyst Mine West Willow Creek AMETHYST FAULT Last Chance Mine Del Monte Mine Commodore Mine Jackpot Mine Coppervein Mine Bachelor Mine BULLDOG MOUNTAIN FAULT Kansas City Star Mine Commodore Tunnel Mustang Tunnel Nelson Tunnel Exchequer Mine SOLOMON FAULT CAMPBELL MOUNTAIN Holy Moses #2 Holy Moses Mine Ridge Mine Solomon Mine Monte Carlo Mine Mollie S. Mine East Willow Creek Ramey Tunnel Dora Belle Mine Mammoth Tunnel Homestake Mine Mammoth Mine MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN Nancy Hanks Mine Pipe Dream Mine THE NARROWS Windy Gulch CREEDE Willow Creek The Creede district ranks as one of the most productive silver areas in the United States. It came into being largely as a result of a discovery by N.H. Creede in 1889. When exploring in this area, he was reported to have exclaimed “Holy Moses!” on examining a rich piece of ore, thus giving the name to the mine which initiated the rapid development of the district. By the end of 1892 the Holy Moses and nearby mines had produced ore valued at more than $4,000,000. The area was so rich that it managed to survive 1893’s great decline in the price of silver; by 1920 almost $42,000,000 in gold, silver, lead, and zinc had been mined there. The ores, silver-bearing galena, sphalerite, native gold, pyrite, and chalcopyrite, are in quartz or amethyst veins in faulted and shattered Tertiary volcanic rocks. Nearly all the ore deposits lie along a complex system of vertical faults, the Amethyst fault zone, which runs more or less northwest-southeast through this region. Both the faulting and the enrichment of the fault fissures are believed to have taken place in mid-Tertiary time, shortly after deposition of the volcanic host rocks. Cripple Creek [Illustration: Cripple Creek, on the flanks of the Pikes Peak massif, has produced more than $400,000,000 worth of gold. The Sangre de Cristo Mountains are visible in the distance beyond the Arkansas River valley. (Jack Rathbone photo)] In 1890, two sheepherders stumbled on some richly mineralized rocks near Cripple Creek. A boom developed immediately, for the rocks contained both gold and silver. Since then, the area has produced more than 2,000,000 ounces of silver and nearly 19,000,000 ounces of gold.