English poetry -- 19th century -- History and criticism; Pre-Raphaelitism in literature
As a single work in one key, the greatest production of Morris is the
"Story of Sigurd"; indeed, we might call it the masterpiece of the
poet, but for the fact that it is not original in the true sense. It
is little more than a magnificent translation in swinging verse of the
Volsunga Saga. But in more ways than one, it has become a literary work
of extreme importance. It was through this metrical version that the
Volsunga Saga first became known to English readers in a general way.
Since then we have had prose translations.
I want to speak about this Saga, because the subject is of extreme
literary importance. To-day you can scarcely open a literary periodical
or any volume of essays on literary subjects without finding there some
reference to the famous Northern story. It is one version of an epic
which in various forms belongs to the whole Northern race; and one of
the forms best known is the Nibelungenlied of Germany. Through German
musical art the latter form of the story has in our own time become
universally known in all great cities of the West, for Wagner made it
the subject of a magnificent composition; the greatest of all modern
operas, dramatically at least, is certainly his musical presentation of
the epic cycle.
A word now about the place of this story in European literature.
Mediæval Europe produced four great epics. Each of these represents the
beginning of a vast national literature. The great English epic is the
story of Beowulf, and I am sorry to say that it is not the best. The
great French epic is the story of Roland. The great Spanish epic is
the story of the Cid. And the great German epic is the Nibelungenlied
or Nibelunge Nôt, as it has also been called. Of these four the German
epic is the grandest. Its date is not exactly known. But the best
critics assert that it cannot be older than the middle of the twelfth
century, and not later than the middle of the thirteenth. Therefore the
date must be somewhat between 1150-1250.
But the German epic is by no means the oldest form of the story. The
older forms are Norse. There are poetical fragments of the story to be
found in the ancient Scandinavian literature (you can find them in the
library in the Corpus Poeticum Boreale), and there is a splendid prose
version of the story in the old Icelandic--this is the Volsunga Saga,
from which Morris took his poetical materials. Between the versions of
the German and the North, there are great differences of narrative,
but perhaps not great differences of merit. If we could have the whole
of the old Norse epic, we should perhaps find it even grander than the
German. But only fragments have been preserved of the poetry, and we
can only imagine from the prose Saga how magnificent the lost poetry
may have been. And now a word about the story itself.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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