Prehistoric Indians of the SouthwestWormington, H. M. (Hannah Marie)
History
Prehistoric Indians of the Southwest
Wormington, H. M. (Hannah Marie)
Indians of North America -- Southwest, New -- Antiquities; Southwest, New -- Antiquities
Baskets continued to be made, although pottery vessels were used for
many purposes for which baskets had formerly been employed. The number
of baskets made undoubtedly diminished, and the large flat trays so
characteristic of Basketmaker times seem to have almost entirely
disappeared. The great decrease in number of baskets made, however, may
be more apparent than real, for most Developmental-Pueblo sites are in
the open and little perishable material remains. Examples which have
been found indicate that the coiling technique continued and designs
became more elaborate. Twilled baskets were also manufactured.
[Illustration: Fig. 25—a. Developmental-Pueblo sandal, b.
Great-Pueblo sandal.]
Sandals of fine string, with coarse patterns on the under side, were
still being woven. They had rounded toes. A new material and new
techniques in weaving appeared with the introduction of cotton at this
time. Cotton was grown and used to produce thread which was woven into
fabrics with looms. Fur and feather blankets, primarily the latter, were
still being made, but light cotton blankets were probably also worn. It
is thought that kilts and breech cloths were made of the same material.
Various ornaments, including beads, pendants, and bracelets, were worn.
The former were largely of colored shales, turquoise, and alabaster.
Some bracelets were of glycymeris, a shell which must have been imported
from the Gulf of California.
Cotton was the only addition to the list of cultivated plants, but
squash and beans continued to be grown. Corn was still the staple food.
It was ground on scoop-shaped trough metates. In one case three graded
manos, of varying degrees of roughness, were found with one metate. This
foreshadowed the later Pueblo practice of having mealing bins with
series of metates ranging in texture from relatively coarse to very
fine. Corn was first coarsely ground on the roughest metate, or with the
roughest mano, and then worked over with progressively smoother stones
until a very fine meal resulted. Crudely flaked hoes began to be used in
cultivating the crops. Some were hafted, but many were not.
Meat continued to be included in the diet. Bear, elk, buffalo, wolf,
mountain sheep, deer, and rabbits were among the animals hunted. The bow
and arrow were almost universally used. Arrowheads were well flaked,
usually long and narrow, with long, sharp barbs. Late in the period a
new type appeared which became increasingly numerous later. These points
were short, broad, and notched at right angles.
Dogs and turkeys were the only domesticated animals. One reason for the
belief that they were not kept to provide food is that they have been
found buried with mortuary offerings. Corn was provided for the turkeys
and bones for the dogs which were buried. There was also pottery,
sometimes miniature vessels, sometimes sherds rubbed down to form
shallow vessels.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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