Land, the question of the Irish: importance of the subject, 184, 185; the Celtic tribal land system in Ireland, 86, 87; the tribes, clans, and septs, 87; the partial feudalisation of the land system, 87; collective ownership of which traces still exist, 87; the Anglo-Norman Conquest of Ireland and the Colony of the Pale, 88; the land falls into the hands of great families, ibid.; miserable state of Ireland at the close of the fifteenth century, 89; Henry VII. and Poynings, ibid.; sagacious policy of Henry VIII., especially as regards the land, 90; this, unfortunately, was not carried out, ibid.; the era of conquest begins, and of the confiscation of the Irish land, ibid.; confiscation of the territories of the O'Connors of Offaly, of Shane O'Neill, and of the Earl of Desmond, 90, 91; rebellion of Tyrone, 91; all Ireland made shireland, and the old Celtic land system is effaced by law, ibid.; English modes of land tenure imposed on the people, 91, 92; confiscation of the territories of Tyrone and of O'Donnell, 92; the Plantation of Ulster, ibid.; further confiscation in times of peace, ibid.; Strafford marks out Connaught for confiscation, 92; beginning of Protestant ascendency in the land, 93; vast confiscations effected by Cromwell, 93; his scheme of a general colonisation of Ireland fails, 93-95; results of the Cromwellian conquest in the land, 95; policy of Charles II. as regards the land, ibid.; confiscations after the Boyne and the fall of Limerick, 96; state of the Irish land system when the period of violent confiscation ends, 97, 98; the era of Protestant ascendency and of Catholic subjection in Ireland, 98, 99; the Penal Code and its effects on the land, 99, 100; mournful period in Irish history, 100-102; gradual improvement in Irish landed relations, 102-104; evil traces of the past: Whiteboyism, 105; traditions of the ancient land system survive, 106; Edmund Burke on Irish land tenures--he indicates a grave economic vice in the land system, 107; progress of Ireland after 1782, ibid.; its effects on the land, 108; evil results of the Rebellion of 1798, 109; the Union Speech of Lord Clare on Irish landed relations, 109; revolution in the land system in the first years of the nineteenth century, 110; the important social and economic results, 110, 111; want of a poor-law, 111; the concurrent rights of tenants in the land not protected by the law, ibid.; period of distress after the Peace of 1815, 112, 113; evictions and clearances of estates, 113; agrarian disorder, 113; Catholic Emancipation, ibid.; its results as regards Irish landed relations, 114; Peel and the Irish land, 115; the Devon Commission and its Report, 115, 116;