The third area, the Amur region, in which the spiral is used extensively, represents fundamentally different forms, (fig. 139). While the spirals of New Zealand and those of New Guinea are equally wide through the whole distance of their course, those of the Amur region show peculiar lateral developments. The spirals of this area are generally single, and broad; or double, but the spirals do not clasp each other. The outlines of the spiral bands are varied by strictures. Where the general course of these spirals leaves fields that would remain undecorated, they are filled in by broad tendrils, leaf like projections or by independent circular ornaments that help to keep the background broken up in bands that retain throughout approximately the same width. Often the variations in the lines of spirals form animal figures, particularly birds and fishes; sometimes of fairly realistic form. [Illustration: Fig. 138. Types of spirals from eastern New Guinea.] [Illustration: Fig. 139. Spirals from the Amur River.] * * * * * [Illustration: Fig. 140. Pictographs representing human beings: _a_, Potawatomi; _b_, Wahpeton Sioux; _c_, Blackfoot; _d_, Dakota; _e_, Alaskan Eskimo; _f_, Pencil sketches by Eskimo from the west coast of Hudson Bay.] Fixity of form occurs even in crude representative drawings made without such technical skill as is developed in industrial occupations. This is strikingly illustrated by certain forms used by the Algonquin tribes of the woodlands around the western Great Lakes and also by the neighboring Siouan tribes. In their pictographs the human figures appear regularly with broad shoulders, tapering down in straight lines to the waist. Sometimes the figure is cut off at this place; sometimes it expands downward from the waist. Fig. 140 _a_ represents a Potawatomi drawing; fig. 140 _b_ a Wahpeton Sioux drawing of the same type. In the winter counts of the Sioux published by Mallory, the human figure is represented in quite a different style, (fig. 140 _d_). This type occurs both in the La Flamme and Lone-Dog winter counts. We may compare these forms with the typical symbol used by the Blackfeet to represent a slain enemy, which, according to Wissler, has always the form given in _c_. On the reproductions of pictographs the same form appears, often with only one leg. Quite distinct from these Plains Indians types are the forms used by the Alaskan Eskimos in their etchings on bone, antler, and ivory (_e_). The forms are always small silhouettes in lively motion and the realism of form and movement of the Eskimo etchings forms a strong contrast when compared to the conventional style of the Plains and Woodlands Indians. Even the pictographic representations of men in motion, which do occur in other types of Plains Indian drawings, differ entirely in style from those of the Eskimo. The style of the eastern Eskimos representation of