Art, Prehistoric; Folk literature -- History and criticism
As another case of the wide distribution of a design element, evidently
due to diffusion, we may mention the so-called quail tip ornament of
California which consists of a right angle with a thin upright stem and
a short heavy horizontal arm. This pattern is found commonly throughout
California and extends northward as far as the Sahaptin tribes of
Columbia River. It is particularly important to note that technically
the basket of the Sahaptin tribes belongs to the coiled and imbricated
type used by the Thompson Indians farther to the north; while in the
southern regions a multiplicity of methods of basket weaving are used.
In all of these the same quail tip occurs (see p. 109).
We have spoken so far of local styles as though in every case only a
single style occurred in a tribal unit. This might seem plausible on
account of the comparative uniformity of tribal life. Still there are
many cases in which fundamentally different styles may be observed in
the same community. I have referred several times to the realistic
carving and drawing of the Eskimos, which is often combined with very
characteristic but subordinate geometrical patterns, particularly
with the double line with alternating spurs, a series of “Y” shaped
figures, arranged on a continuous line; and circles and dots (see fig.
78, p. 86). In certain cases realistic forms are used for the purpose
of ornamentation. On some modern specimens from the west coast of
Hudson Bay, the representations of human beings or animals are found
(see fig. 51 _b_, p. 58). In Greenland wooden vessels are ornamented
by attached ivory carvings representing seals, which are nailed on to
the surface (fig. 121, p. 127). Pieces of skin in which needles are
kept, are ornamented with appliqué figures.[98] On the east coast of
Greenland similar decorative motives are in use.
[98] Kaj Birket-Smith, Ethnography of the Egedesminde District,
Meddelelser om Grønland, Vol. 66, (1924), pp. 522, 550.
The style of ornamenting cloth is quite different. There is no realism
and the formal patterns which are used are broad bands, accompanying
the borders of the garments and long lines of fringes. The basis of
this ornamentation is a feeling for color contrast and a tendency to
emphasize outlines. The representative tendency is entirely absent. In
a single specimen in which it appears as a representation of a human
hand, it looks strangely out of place.[99] This decorative type is
fully developed in Greenland where checker work is applied to garments,
buckets, and also to wooden goggles.
[99] Franz Boas, The Eskimo of Baffinland and Hudson Bay, Bulletin
American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 15, (1907), Plate 9.
I presume the principal cause for the difference of these styles is
found in the difference of the technical processes, but perhaps even
more in the circumstance that the realistic work is made by the men,
the clothing and sewed leather work by the women.
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