Art, Prehistoric; Folk literature -- History and criticism
The results obtained by Kroeber indicate a close similarity between the
symbolism of the Arapaho and that of the Cheyenne. Here also abstract
ideas appear in considerable number. It will suffice here to give a
few examples. On a moccasin[45] (fig. 84) “the longitudinal stripe
signifies the path to destination. A small stripe at the heel of the
moccasin (not shown in the figure) signifies the opposite idea, the
place whence one has come. The variety of color in the larger stripe
represents a variety of things (which naturally are of many different
colors) that one desires to possess. The small dark blue rectangles
are symbols that are called ‘hiiteni’[46]. The white border of this
moccasin, on account of its color, represents snow. The figures in
it represent hills with upright trees. The stripe over the instep
signifies ‘up hill and down again’ (its middle portion being elevated
above the ends by the instep of the foot). The dots in this stripe
represent places left bare by the melting snow.” The knife scabbard[47]
represented in fig. 85 “has at the top a cross signifying a person. The
triangles above and below it are mountains. On the lower part, on the
middle line, are three green squares, symbols of life or abundance.
Red slanting lines pointing towards the squares are thoughts or wishes
directed towards the desired objects, represented by the life symbols.”
[45] A. L. Kroeber, The Arapaho, Bulletin American Museum of Natural
History, Vol. XVIII, pp. 39, 40.
[46] _Hiiteni_ is explained as meaning life, abundance, food,
prosperity, temporal blessings, desire or hope for food, prayer for
abundance, or the things wished for (A. L. Kroeber, _ibid._, p. 40).
[47] l. c. p. 88.
Observations among the Sioux Indians made by Clark Wissler have given
similar results. The design on a legging (fig. 86) may serve as an
example. It represents a battle.[48] The diamond-shaped center is here
the body of a man. The large triangles are the tents of the village in
which the battle took place. The pronged figures represent wounds and
blood; the straight lines supporting them, the flight of arrows. The
crossed lines are said to represent arrows and lances.
[48] Clark Wissler, Decorative art of the Sioux Indians, Bulletin
American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XVIII, p. 253.
[Illustration: Fig. 86. Legging, Sioux Indians.]
The Assiniboine, a closely related branch of the Sioux, did not yield
much information in regard to the meaning of designs, but the few
fragments collected by Robert H. Lowie[49] show that the principles
found among other tribes are or were not unknown to them. The designs
found on a drum illustrate this (fig. 87).
[49] Robert H. Lowie, The Assiniboine, Anthropological Papers American
Museum of Natural History, Vol. IV, p. 26.
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