At seed-time a festival is celebrated in order to secure the good growth of the seed. The Bahau of Borneo, who have the agricultural year[1121], celebrate two great festivals, one at the sowing (_tugal_, from _nugal_, ‘to sow’), and one after harvest, the festival of the new rice-year, _dangei_, which however is not held if the harvest has failed; it is the climax of the year. At both festivals the people gorge themselves to the full, rice being given even to the animals. But during the period of growth also the plants need protection and blessing, various plants require and obtain different festivals, so that a cycle of agricultural festivals arises[1122]. The southern tribes of the Malay Peninsula celebrate three great agricultural festivals in the year, one after the transplanting of the young rice-plants, another after the formation of the fruit, and a third after the harvest[1123]. As an example of a fully developed festival-cycle of this kind I give the festivals of the Bontoc Igorot, with which should be compared the section on the agricultural year of this tribe[1124]. After the conclusion of the time when rice-seed is put in the germinating beds, _pa-chog_, the festival _po-chang_ is held, after the transplanting of the rice the festival _chaka_ (held on Feb. 10 in 1903), and after that an unexplained festival _su-wat_; on the day on which the first ‘fruit-heads’ have shown themselves on the growing rice there is the festival _ke-eng_, and on the following day _tot-o-lod_; _sa-fo-sab_, before the beginning of harvest, introduces the harvest. At the end of the rice-harvest and the beginning of the period called _li-pas_ (‘no more rice-harvest’) _lislis_ is celebrated; at the time of the planting of camotes _loskod_; in the same division of the year, called _bali-ling_, the festival _o-ki-ad_, when black beans are planted. Finally at the end of this division we have _ko-pus_, a three day’s rest, just before the work of rice-culture is begun again[1125]. An African example from the neighbourhood of the Lower Niger will shew how in this agrarian festival-cycle other feasts arise which may in part be older. The cycle consists of the following festivals:--1, sacrifices and adoration to the great spirit or creator, always made in anticipation of the new crop, to ensure that it is good; 2, communion of first-fruits, a festival to the house-hold gods; 3, communion of the new yam; 4, the feast of hunters; 5, _ofala_, a celebration to Ofo, god of justice and right, in honour of the public appearance of the king; 6, the _crumbo_, or remnants of yam, reserved for the king only; 7, the feast of roast yam at the close of the year, the termination of this marking the end of the native year and the feast also serving as a form of public notice that farming has to recommence. This is a festival in honour of Ifejioku, god of the crops, as a token of gratitude on the part of the community for a fruitful and prosperous year. It is usual for the