Primitive Time-reckoning: A study in the origins and first development of the art of counting time among the primitive and early culture peoplesNilsson, Martin P. (Martin Persson)
History
Primitive Time-reckoning: A study in the origins and first development of the art of counting time among the primitive and early culture peoples
Nilsson, Martin P. (Martin Persson)
Chronology
Later, the phases of the stars have become so familiar to everyone
that Sophocles can say, ‘a time of six months from spring to
Arcturus’, i. e. the morning rising of Arcturus on Sept. 18[485].
Whether the Romans made use of time-indications from the stars before
they borrowed them from the Greeks is uncertain; in any case they
had their own names for some constellations:--_vesperugo_, _iubar_
= _lucifer_, the evening star, _septentriones_ or _iugulae_, the
Great Bear, _vergiliae_, the Pleiades. _Suculae_, the Hyades, and
_canicula_, the Dog-star, are translations of the corresponding Greek
names[486].
At a later period the risings and settings of the stars, together
with the climatic phenomena accompanying them or believed to
accompany them, were brought into a calendar, which was then arranged
according to the signs of the zodiac, or later according to the
months of the Julian or Egyptian solar year. The Greek lunisolar
year was unsuitable for the purpose, since it varied in reference to
the sun and the stars. How both were adjusted to practical needs is
shewn by the remains of two stone calendars found at Milet. On the
stone are inscribed the risings and settings of the stars, arranged
according to the signs of the zodiac: by the side of these are holes
into which little tablets containing the days of the lunisolar
calendar could be fitted, these tablets being arranged according to
the relation of every lunisolar year to the solar one[487].
The Arabians also carefully observed the stars, and many of their
proverbs couple the risings of the stars with natural events[488].
Since these constellations are the so-called lunar stations their use
here is not primitive, but must have been added on to a primitive
usage. The Pleiades were observed throughout their course, and about
most of the positions which they take up mnemonic verses were made.
Mohammed swears by the setting Pleiades in the 53rd chapter of the
Koran.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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