Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
If the availability of his past experience is the first characteristic
of the poet, the second is what we may provisionally call his
normality. So far as his experience does not tally with that
of those with whom he communicates, there will be failure. But
both the sense in which it must tally and the sense in which
the artist is normal need to be carefully considered.
Within racial[61] boundaries, and perhaps within the limits of
certain very general types,[62] many impulses are common to all
men. Their stimuli and the courses which they take seem to be
uniform. At the same time there are many other impulses which
are not uniform. It is difficult to give instances, since there
are so few names for impulses, but sounds are fairly uniform
while words used in isolation are fairly ambiguous stimuli. Impulses
could, if we knew enough, be arranged in an order of general
uniformity or stability. Some impulses remain the same, taking
the same course on the same occasions, from age to age, from
prehistoric times until to-day. Some change as fashions change.
Between the two extremes are the vast majority; neither, when
the nervous system is vigilant, very fixed nor very erratic;
set off by a given stimulus and taking the course they do because
other impulses are also active or have just been active.
For successful communication a number of impulses with their
effective stimuli must be common to the communicators, and further
the general ways in which impulses modify one another must be
shared. We evidently cannot expect that many total situations
and responses will have been common, and it is not necessary
that they should be. Within limits the disparities can be overcome
by what is called imagination.
There is nothing peculiarly mysterious about imagination. It
is no more marvellous than any other of the ways of the
mind. Yet it has so often been treated as an arcanum that we
naturally approach it with caution. It is desirable at least
to avoid part of the fate which befell Coleridge,[63] and our
account will be devoid of theological implications.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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