Principles of Political Economy, Vol. 1Roscher, Wilhelm
History
Principles of Political Economy, Vol. 1
Roscher, Wilhelm
Economics
We now, for the present, turn our gaze from the frightful revolution,
destructive of all civilization, which would necessarily precede the
establishment of a community of goods,(482) and inquire what would be the
consequences. Among angels (“gods and sons of gods” of Plato) and mere
animals, a community of goods might, perhaps, exist without producing
injury. And so, too, it might exist among men bound one to the other by
the bonds of the truest love. The life of every model family is
accompanied by a species of community of goods.(483) But in more extensive
social organizations, this love is never found except as an element of the
most exalted religious enthusiasm, which, as a rule, is of very short
duration; of which the Acts of the Apostles (II, 44 ff, 32 ff, V, I, II)
affords us the best known and most beautiful example.(484)
Where this love does not exist, each participant in the community of goods
will, as a rule, seek to do the least and enjoy the most possible.(485) In
a society of one hundred thousand members, each individual would be
interested in the results of its aggregate frugality only indirectly, and
only to the extent of a one-hundred thousandth part of the whole; that is,
practically, not at all.(486) Individual selfishness would expend itself
entirely on the division of what the whole community produced. It would,
consequently, and almost always be detrimental to the whole, and to the
other individuals of the society; whereas, at present, it does so only in
exceptional cases. When Louis Blanc, as Mably had before him, recommended
that the _point d’ honneur_ should take the place of the _interêt
personnel_, as a spur to production, and a check on consumption, and cited
the army as an illustration of its workings, he forgot, among other
things, the thirty cases in which the _code militaire_ pronounces sentence
of death on the violators of its provisions. And, as a matter of fact, the
Münster Anabaptists could not help punishing with death every
transgression of their communistic precepts.(487) If, in a community in
which the principles of communism were rigorously carried out, all the
burthens and enjoyments of life were equal, and equally divided according
to the ideas of the crowd, men like Thaer, Arkwright, and others of their
class, who now provide bread for hundreds of thousands from their studies
and laboratories, would then be able, at most, with a rake and shovel, to
provide food for three or four. The division of labor, with its infinite
amount of productive force, would, for the most part, cease. Nor would the
consequence be that the humbler classes would be freed from work of a
coarse, mechanical, unintellectual and severe nature; but that the higher
classes would be dragged down to engage in it likewise. And what an
increase there would be in the number of consumers at the same time! Every
man would, with a light heart, follow the most imperious of human impulses
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