39 Die politische Œkonomie vom Standpunkte der geschichtlichen Methode. 40 Die National Œkonomie der Gegenwart und Zukunft. 41 Recherches sur les Finances de France. _ 42 Frédéric Passy_, de la Contrainte et de la Liberté. 43 Poor peasantry, poor kingdom; poor kingdom, poor sovereign. 44 Cours d’ Econ. polit., 2e., Leçon I, p. 33. 45 This would be: Propter vitiam, vitæ perdere causas. _ 46 Cousin_, loc. cit., p. 276. _ 47 Ibid._, 274. _ 48 Frédéric Passy_: De la Contrainte et de la Liberté. _ 49 Schäffle_, Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift (1861), emphasizes this. _Adam Smith_, Wealth of Nations (1776), very characteristically, begins with the yearly labor of the nation; _J. B. Say_ (Traité d’Economie Politique, 1802), with _richesses_; _Ricardo_ (Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817), with the idea of value. 50 The sum total of the wants (_Bedarf_) of the Bavarian people, for a whole year, is estimated by _Hermann_, Staatswirthschaftliche Untersuchungen (2d ed., 1870, p. 81), at 177,000,000 florins for food (77 millions for wheat and potatoes, 69 millions for meat, 15 millions for milk etc., 16 millions for eggs, vegetables, salt and spices); 50 millions for clothing, 45 millions for shelter, 37.5 millions for fuel, 60 millions for beverages. 51 The original adds: _deren Gesammtheit sein Bedarf heisst_; the aggregate of which is called his [man’s] Requisite (_Bedarf_). There being no exact equivalent in English for the word _Bedarf_ in this connection, this note is appended.—_Translator._ 52 According to _Boisguillebert_ (ob. 1714) Traité des Grains, I., c. 4, the wants _nécessaire_, _commode_, _délicat_, _superflu_, _magnifique_, arise in successive order with increasing welfare or prosperity, and are surrendered in a reverse order, with increasing need. _Tucker_ distinguishes necessaries, comforts, and conveniences of the respective conditions, elegancies and refinements, and lastly, “grand and magnificent.” (Two Sermons, 1774, 29 ff.); _F. B. W. Hermann_, loc. cit, 1st, ed., 1832, 68; necessary goods (Güter der Nothdurft), goods that contribute to pleasure and recuperation, to culture and splendor. 53 Compare _Tucker_, On the Naturalization Bill (1751 seq.), IV, note. 54 No people without fire (Prometheus!); and it seems that broiling was the earliest mode of preparing food; then followed baking in heated cavities, and lastly came boiling in vessels. (_Klemm_, Allgemeine Kulturgeschichte, I, 180, 343.) 55 There is an interesting attempt by _Faucher_, in the Vierteljahrsschrift für Volkswirthschaft und Kulturgeschichte, 1868, III, 148 ff., to determine the relative place of our various wants according to their capacity for extension or contraction.