130 See _Ahren’s_ very beautiful exposition, Organische Staatslehre, 1850, I, 77. National economy (_Nationalökonomie_=public economy); national economics (_Nationalökonomik_=the science of public economy). The latter term was first proposed, in Germany, in 1849, by _Uhde_; the former was naturalized therein 1805: _v. Soden_, Nationalökonomie, 1805; _Jacob_, Grundsätze der N. Œk., 1806. In Italy, _G. Ortes_ used it as early as 1774, in his Dell Economia nazionale, and in England it was employed, even in 1867, by _Ferguson_, History of Civil Society, III, p. 4. Holland. Volkshuyshoudkunde. As a rule, outside of Germany, the term political economy, _économie politique_, one which is somewhat calculated to mislead the student, is used. (Thus _Montchrêtien sieur de Vatteville_, Traité de l’Economie _politique_, 165; later _J. J. Rousseau_, Discours sur l’Economie politique, later yet the Traités d’E. p., _Maillardère_, _Page_ and _J. B. Say_, 1801-1803). Political Economy (_Sir J. Stewart_, Inquiry into the principles of P. E., 1767); also Public Economy (_Petty_, several Essays, 1682, 35); _Economia politica_ or _pubblica_ (the latter by _Verri_ and _Beccaria_). The title _Economia civile_ (_Genovesi_, Lezioni, d’Ec. civ. 1769), has found few adherents. It has, however, been used recently by _Cernuschi_: Illusions des Sociétés coöperatrices (1866). The term, _Economie sociale_ has been used all the more in France (Dunoyer, Nouveau Traité d’Ec. soc., 1830), since recommended by _J. B. Say_, and employed by _Buat_ (Des vrais Principes de l’Origine et de la Filiation du Mot Economie politique, in the Journal des Economistes, 1852.) _ 131 Stein_, Lehrbuck der V. W., prefaces his “Science of Public Economy” (pp. 329-358), by a “Science of Economy” (pp. 96-328), which, however, treats individual economies only as the elements of the national economy. A science of household or isolated individual economy could, of course, treat only of the economic relations of anchorites. Those who object that Political Economy is not a real whole will be satisfied with the definition of it given by _F. I. Neumann_: “The Science of the bearing of household or separate economies to one another, and to the state as a whole.” (Tüb. Zeitschr., 1872, 267.) 132 In so far as these various institutions are concerned, with objects beyond the human, or supernatural, only the manner in which they are accepted, or in which they are made use of, is an expression of national life.