279 Productive capital has been rendered into German by the word _Erwerbstamm_, by the author of “Staatswirthschaft nach Naturgesetzen,” 1819. _Malthus_, Definitions, ch. 10, and _Rau_, Lehrbuch, I, § 51, call productive capital alone, capital. According to _M. Chevalier_, goods lose their quality of capital as soon as they come into the hands of a consumer. _Schäffle_, N. Œk., II, aufl., 59, calls capital in use _Genussvermögen_ (resources intended for enjoyment) and productive capital, _Kapitalvermögen_ (capital-resources). On the other hand, _J. B. Say_, Traité, I, 13; _McCulloch_, Principles, II, 2, 3, _Hermann_, Staatswirthschaft. Untersuchungen, p. 60 ff., and _v. Mangoldt_, Volkswirthschaftslehre, 122, divide capital into capital in use and productive capital, according as it provides the possessor with that which he may turn to account directly or indirectly by becoming the owner of goods through its means. _Aristotle_ distinguishes between ὄργανα and κτήματα, the former relating to ποίησις; for instance, a shuttle; the latter to πράξις, as, for instance, bedding and articles of dress. (Polit., I, 2, 5.) 280 Thus, for instance, class A embraces parks and forests; B, theaters, churches, manufactories, arsenals, granaries, public walks and roads. Walks can, besides, be used for the cultivation of fruit, and roads for pleasure trips. 281 Translated “capital de consommation” by Wolowski, p. 96 of his Roscher’s Principles.—_Translator’s note._ 282 Dead, or better, dormant capital is such productive capital as, for the time being, remains unused, and which, therefore, does not yield even personal enjoyment. The sum total of this kind of capital is very much diminished by the agency of savings banks. Loaned capital which has been employed unproductively evidently constitutes no longer a part of the wealth of a people. See _infra_, § 189. _ 283 Wolkoff_ is so far right, when in his Lectures, p. 142, he calls the return of capital in use not _revenu_, but _déstruction graduelle_. _Schäffle_ is right, too, and entirely so, when he says that only such an increase of the property, intended for enjoyment simply, is anti-economic, as does not make the personal capacities of labor (_Arbeitsvermögen_) as much more productive than they would otherwise be. N. Œk., II, aufl., 224. _ 284 Humboldt_, N. Espange, II, ch. 17; _v. Schlözer_, Anfangsgründe, II, 109. Ausland, 140, No. 313. On the extraordinary wealth of even Russian peasant women in pearls, see _v. Haxthausen_, Studien, 87, 309.