359 In opposition to monopolies, and to practical constraint which has its source in ignorance etc. 360 Hence _Torrens_ calls foreign trade the “territorial division of labour.” (Essay on the Production of Wealth (1821), 155 ff.) 361 See _Bastiat_, Harmonies, ch. 1, for a very beautiful exposition of the doctrine that each man receives much more from society than he accomplishes on his part, for it. 362 The working together of a great number of persons is often carried on to the detriment of agriculture, for each then waits for all the others to work, throws all the blame on them etc. (_Columella_, I, 9.) As many a housekeeper must have observed, two seamstresses or ironers accomplish, in a day, less than one, in two days. Of course, this rule does not apply in the case of work which cannot be performed by one man, under any circumstances, or the magnitude of which would easily discourage him, and in which mutual aid is easily obtained; as in the raising of heavy loads, the construction of roads, dikes etc. _ 363 Ad. Smith_, B., II, Introd. _Hufeland_, Neue Grundlegung, I, 215. In many instances, a division of labor, of course, favors the saving of capital. If every workman needed all the tools necessary to the work in which he participates, three-fourths of them would have to lie idle at present. _J. Rae_, New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy, 164. 364 This necessity is observable, although in a peculiar form, even where what has been called the “despotic organization of labor” prevails, instead of freedom. 365 In the highlands of Scotland, in Adam Smith’s time, there were no smiths who manufactured nails only; for the reason that no smith had a market for more than 1,000 nails a year, that is not for so many as might be manufactured in a single day. 366 It is of course very different when there is question of a foreign market, even if it be only indirectly. Thus, for instance, there are in the Hartz mountains, persons who are simply post-makers, trough-makers, chess-wood-makers, block-hewers, shingle-makers etc. 367 Too much should not be inferred from the existence among the Egyptians of physicians, specialists for the several members of the body. _Herodot._, II, 84. Something analogous is to be found even among barbarous nations; but it is accounted for entirely by the superstition of the people. See _Klemm_, Kulturgeschichte, I, 266.