[Footnote 226-2: _v. Haxthausen_, Studien, II, 450, 513. Thus, in 1631, of those who had died suddenly, there were 957 who died of drunkenness. (_Bernouilli_, Populationistik, 303.) According to _v. Lengefeldt_, Russland im 19. Jahrh., 42, the number is now 1,474 to 1,911 per annum. On Poland, see _Klebs_, Landeskulturgesetzgebung in Posen, 78. When the South American Indians begin to drink, they do not stop until they fall down senseless. (_Ulloa_, Noticias Americanas, ch. 17.) The old Romans considered all barbarians to be drunkards. (_Plato_, De Legg., I, 638.) In eating, also, uncivilized people are extremely irregular. A Jackute or Tunguse consumes 40 pounds of meat; three men devour a whole reindeer at a meal. (_Cochrane_, Fussreise, 156.) One ate in 24 hours the back quarter of a large ox, or ½ a _pud_ of fat, and drank an equal quantity of melted butter. (_Klemm_, Kulturgeschichte, III, 18.) Similarly among hunting races. See _Klemm_, I, 243, 339; II, 13, 255. On the South Sea Islanders, see _Hawkesworth_, III, 505; _Forster_, I, 255.] [Footnote 226-3: Rapid degeneration of almost all barbaric dynasties as soon as they have subjugated civilized countries.] SECTION CCXXVII. INFLUENCE OF THE CHURCH AND OF THE CITY. The change in this situation takes place first of all in the churches and in the cities. The Church has passed through almost every stage of development in advance of the State; and civilization, both in the good and bad sense of the term, has become general, and gradually acclimated in the rural districts, through the influence of the cities. In the Church, the earliest art endeavored to reach the beautiful. There, we first find music, painting, sculpture, foreign perfumes, incense and variegated garments.[227-1] In the cities, growing industry introduces a more attractive style of clothing and a more ornamental style of household furniture. Commerce, beginning to thrive, raises foreign commodities into wants,[227-2] and thus the old luxury of feudal times is modified.[227-3] The large number of idle servants is diminished. All the more refined pleasures are extended downward to wider circles of the people. Instead of individual bards, rhapsodists, skalds and minnesingers, we have the beginnings of the theater, and instead of tournaments, the shooting matches. (_Freischiessen._)