[Footnote 228-8: Sidewalks in the cities, recommended by _J. J. Rousseau_, as a popular convenience and as a safeguard against the carriage-aristocracy.] [Footnote 228-9: In France, the luxury of lace was conquered by Marie Antoinette, but still more effectually by the Revolution. Previous to that time, many Parisians wore four manchettes to each shirt. (_Palliser_, History of Lace, 1865.)] [Footnote 228-10: During the middle ages, strongly seasoned food, ragouts, etc., were more in favor than in even France to-day; compare _Legrand d'Aussy et Roquefort_, Histoire de la Vie priveé des Français, passim. The wine even, at that time, used to be mixed with roots: _vin de romarin_, _clairet_, _hippocras_, (_W. Wackernagel_, Kl. Schriften I, 86, 7.) The French kitchen became simpler and more natural, only after the middle of the 18th century. (_Roquefort_, III, 343.)] [Footnote 228-11: The taxed consumption of soap amounted in England in 1801 to 4.84 and in 1845, 9.65 pounds per capita. (_Porter_, Progress of the Nation, V, 5, 579.) Soap-boiling in London dates from 1520 only. Before that time, all white soap was obtained from the continent. (_Howell_, Londinopolis, 208.) _Erasmus_ charged that England, in his time, was an exceedingly dirty country. The Italians, on the other hand, were at that time greatly distinguished above northern people, especially the Germans, by their cleanliness. (_Buckhardt_, Kultur der Renaissance, 295.) The Vienna river-baths after 1870, _Nicolai_, Reise, III, 17, mentions as something deserving special note. The Leipzig river-baths date from 1774.] [Footnote 228-12: _Birkbeck_, Notes on America, 39. Even in New York, it is not very long since there were no common sewers. Just as characteristic is the uncleanliness of the South African _boers_ (_Mauch_, in _Petermann's_ Mittheilungen, Ergänz-Heft, XXVII, 23), when compared with the celebrated cleanliness of the old Dutch. Americans will certainly not agree with the "friendly and unprejudiced" observers mentioned in the text; for no one acquainted with genuine American home-life can deny that cleanliness is an American characteristic. It is only justice to the author to say that the above note (12), so far as it relates to America, appeared in the second edition of his work, and probably in the first; and that he is not so much to be blamed for it as the unfriendly and prejudiced, if not ignorant observers. It may be said, however, that, from the use of the word "log-house," in the context, the author does not intend to apply this remark to the older settlements.--TRANSLATOR.]