[Footnote 235-1: Hessian law that only apothecaries should retail brandy, 1530. English tobacco laws of 1604; _Rymer_, Fœdera, XVI, 601. Papal excommunication fulminated in 1624, against all who took snuff in church, and repeated in 1690. A Turkish law of 1610 provided that all smokers should have the pipe broken against their nose. A Russian law of 1634, prohibiting smoking under penalty of death. In Switzerland, even in the 17th century, no one could smoke except in secret. Coffee had a hard struggle even in its native place. (_Ritter_, Erdkunde, XIII, 574 ff.) Prohibited in Turkey in 1633, under pain of death. _v. Hammer_, Osmanische Staatsverwaltung, I, 75. In 1769, coffee was still prohibited in Basel, and was allowed to be sold by apothecaries only, and as medicine. (_Burkhardt_, C. Basel, I, 68.) Hanoverian prohibition of the coffee trade in the rural districts in 1780: _Schlözer_, Briefwechsel, VIII, 123 ff.] [Footnote 235-2: According to _v. Seckendorff_, Christenstaat, 1685, 435 seq., a decidedly unchristian change.] [Footnote 235-3: _Livy_, XXXIX, 44. In Athens, too, the highest police board in the matter of luxury was the areopagus, which was at the same time a high financial court. Sully transformed the prohibition of luxury in regard to banquets into a tax on delicacies. Similarly, in regard to funeral-luxuries, at an earlier date. (_Cicero_, ad. Att., XII, 35.)] [Footnote 235-4: Customary even in the early Roman republic, and adjudged _exemplo furioso_. (_Ulpian_, in L. 1 Digest, XXVII, 10.) The immediate knights of the empire were in this respect very severe towards those of their own order. See _Kerner_, Reichsrittersch. Staatsrecht, II, 381 ff. _Sully_ ordered the parliaments to warn spendthrifts, to punish them and place them under guardianship. (Economies royales, L, XXVI.) According to _Montesquieu_, it is a genuine aristocratic maxim to hold the nobility to a punctual payment of their debts. (Esprit des Lois, V, 8.)] SECTION CCXXXVI. EXPEDIENCY OF SUMPTUARY LAWS.