[Footnote 237d-5: _Oberländer_, loc. cit. 108, calls insurance without classification of risks, a "mutual benevolent institution;" and one rigidly classified according to the probable period of burning, "an institution for the making of advances" (_Vorschuss-Anstalt._) In Baden, even in 1737, there was no difference made between a massive building and a wooden hut with a straw roof in the Black forest. (_Rau_, Archiv., III, 324.) Here, there was in 1844 to 1849, an average damage by fire in houses with brick roofs of 1,302 florins, with thatch roofs of 1,786 florins, with shingle roofs of 2,292 florins, to say nothing of the greater frequency of such damage in each succeeding class. (_Rau_, Lehrbuch, II, 1, § 26, a.) In Württemberg, before 1843, the owners of insured personal property, in houses with thatch roofs, had, in the same time, received 22 per 1,000 compensation for damage; in houses with brick roofs, from 8 to 9 per 1,000. (_Rau_, loc. cit.) In 17 German insurance companies, between 1866 and 1869, massive buildings with hard roofs paid 1,003,000 thalers and received 612,000 thalers; the not massive with hard roofs paid 1,544,000 thalers and received 1,339,000; houses with soft roofs paid 2,420,000 and received 2,792,000. (Preuss, Statist. Zeitschr. 1861, 327.) Similar observations made in Berne during 23 years.] [Footnote 237d-6: While in most English insurance companies, there are only three classes: common, hazardous, and doubly hazardous, in Rhenish Prussian insurance companies, there are seven, according to the style of building, and in each class two subdivisions, according to the location.] [Footnote 237d-7: According to an English average of 15 years, there is some damage from fire yearly in the following classes of buildings and on the following percentages: _Of the whole number_. Match factories, 30.00 Lodging houses, 16.5 Hat makers, 7.7 Cloth makers, 2.6 Candle makers, 3.8 Smiths, 2.4 Carpenters, 2.2 Oil and color dealers, 1.5 Book dealers, 1.1 Coffee houses, 1.2 Beer houses, 1.3 Bakeries, 0.75 Wine dealers, 0.61 Small dealers in spices, 0.34 Eating houses, 0.86 (Quart. Rev., 1854, 23.) There is indeed a difference in the intensity of these fires. For instance, in inns, there have been a great many; but the damage has been for the most part insignificant.]