[121:1] This Professor Freeman has admirably shown in his _History of Federal Governments_; and it is generally admitted by all competent scholars. [121:2] It is perhaps worth calling attention to the fact that the tract on Athens in the Xenophontic collection has the same title as the newly-discovered treatise, so that some distinction is necessary in citing them. For the present the novelty of the Aristotelian book has cast the older document into oblivion. [122:1] Cf. [Greek: Ath. Pol.] c. 28. Holm (ii. p. 583) controverts my use of Plutarch's quotation from this chapter of Aristotle, and thinks that I had mistranslated the term [Greek: beltistos]. The full text now shows that Holm was mistaken and I was right. [123:1] It is well to add, lest the reader might be misled by a false analogy, that this supervision applied to the appointment of teachers, and the regulation of teaching and of school discipline. The Greeks would have despised any system such as ours, which limits the State control to examinations, and which tests efficiency by success in them. The modern notion of disregarding the moral and social conditions under which the young are brought up, provided they can answer at a high-class examination, would have struck them as wicked and barbarous. [123:2] Cf. the citation in Cicero _de Repub._ iv. 3. 3. [124:1] The makeshift of boarding-schools was unknown to the ancients, but at Sparta, young men were kept together even in their hours of leisure, and away from their homes, so that we must here admit a qualified exception. But what we know of this separate life is rather that of a barrack than of a school. [126:1] Seventh Edition. It had been formerly the last chapter of my _Rambles and Studies in Greece_. [127:1] It was an artistic device, to make this paternal despot a foreign prince, living in a bygone age, of the same kind as the device of Æschylus to narrate the Persian war from the Oriental side, and make Darius a capital figure. No Greek or contemporary person could have sustained the figure of Cyrus in Xenophon's book. I need only remind the reader that the tract on the Athenian State now preserved among Xenophon's works is by an unknown author, and therefore an authority independent of Xenophon. [130:1] Grote's _Plato and the other Companions of Socrates_, 3 vols. (Murray, London.) His _Aristotle_ is posthumous and fragmentary, and does not include the _Politics_. Mr. Jowett's expected Essays on the _Politics_ may perhaps supply this deficiency. CHAPTER VIII. PRACTICAL POLITICS IN THE FOURTH CENTURY. [Sidenote: The practical politicians.]