[78:3] The two accounts of early Sparta which are cited with general approval are those of Duncker in his history, and Busolt's monograph, _Die Lakedaimonier_ (Leipzig, 1878). But there is a host of additional literature, cf. Busolt, G. G. i. 95. [79:1] Above, § 8. [80:1] It is likely enough that at no time were they really extinct in the Peloponnesus or in the lesser towns of northern Greece. [80:2] There is a good note upon this word in the Greek argument to the _Œdipus Tyrannus_. [81:1] Cf. above, § 8. [82:1] Mitford, who wrote in the days when tirades against tyrants were in high fashion, brought down a torrent of censure upon his head by saying his word for absolute government against democracy. [82:2] Cf. my _Greek Life and Thought_, p. 416. [86:1] I shall return to this subject of tyrants in connection with their later and Hellenistic features. Cf. below, § 71. [87:1] Three remarkable laws, all intended to save the Athenian democracy, whose ministers had no standing-army at their control, from sudden overthrow, seem to me never to have been clearly correlated by the historians. Solon's law (1) ordained that where an actual [Greek: stasis] had arisen, every citizen must take some side, calculating that all quiet and orderly people, if compelled to join in the conflict, would side with the established Government. Cleisthenes saw that this appeal to the body of the citizens came too late, and indeed had failed when the usurpation of Peisistratus took place. He (2) established _Ostracism_, which interfered before the [Greek: stasis], but when the rivalry of two leaders showed that the danger was at hand. So far Grote expounds the development. But this expedient also failed when the rivals combined, and turned the vote against Hyperbolus. It is from that date only--about 416 B.C.--that I can find cases (3) of the [Greek: graphê paranomôn], or prosecution for making illegal _proposals_, thus interfering at a still earlier stage. This last form of the safeguard replaced Ostracism, and lasted to the end of Athenian history. It was a democratic engine often abused, but always safe to be applied in good time. [87:2] These have been increased for us by the text of the Aristotelian [Greek: Athênaiôn Politeia], from which Plutarch cited, but not fully, his quotations in the _Life of Solon_. [88:1] _Hist. of Greece_, vol. ii. chap. xix. § 2. He claims in his interesting preface to the last edition to have attained Grote's conclusions independently thirty years ago, when they were regarded in France as dangerous paradoxes. [89:1] G. G. ii. 391. There is a very curious summary of the various classes of public employments on which the Attic citizen lived in the Aristotelian [Greek: Athênaiôn Politeia], § 24. The author estimates the total number of civil servants or pensioners at over 20,000.