As regards _S. atra_ the converse is reported. Various means were used to induce them to eject their young prematurely in water, such as massaging the sides of the mothers, or raising the temperature to 25° or 30° C., with various degrees of success. But afterwards it was found that specimens collected wild at an elevation of about 1,000 metres responded to much simpler treatment, and gave birth prematurely in water when they were kept in a large shallow basin of water not so deep but that they could everywhere touch the bottom with their feet and keep their heads above the surface. With specimens collected at higher elevations this treatment was inoperative, and the suggestion is made that _S. atra_ at the lower confines of its habitat partakes more of the nature of _maculosa_ than do the individuals from greater heights; for Kammerer argues that pools suitable for breeding must be more uncommon at those elevations than they are lower down. In the earlier paper[18] Kammerer states that newly caught females of _S. atra_ often give birth in the water, and show an undoubted preference for doing so. He describes also how he once saw several females, wild in their natural habitat, lay their young in a rain-puddle at 1,800 metres elevation, but the larvae thus born were fully formed. When the deposition of the young as larvae has become "habitual"[19] with _S. atra_, three to nine larvae may be produced at one spawning period, from 35 to 45 mm. long, with gills at most 8 mm. long, and a tail-fin 2-3 mm. broad. Such larvae are generally coffee-brown, or grey (instead of black), and show other minor differences. The summary states that when grown to maturity they become in their turn larva-bearing, and go into the water to bring forth. Their young are more than two (3 to 5 being the numbers observed) with a length of 33-40 mm. or of 21-23 mm. at birth. They are light grey, spotted (mottled with lighter and darker colour), have relatively short gills (8 to 9 mm. at most) and a broad tail-fin (3 mm. wide). At metamorphosis they are relatively long (44 mm.) and one of them had some yellow pigment. Here again this summary is, as a matter of fact, describing the behaviour of two mothers, of which one produced three, and the other five young.