The census returns for 1901 showed that out of 4,171,751 females engaged in occupations about 40½ per cent. were in domestic or other service, 38½ per cent. in manufactures, 7 per cent. in commerce, chiefly as shop- assistants, 4 per cent. in teaching, 3 per cent. in hotels, boarding- houses, etc., and 7 per cent. in other occupations. The following table gives the groups of occupations in which more females are employed than males:-- Occupational Groups Males Females Sick nurses, midwives, etc. 1,092 67,269 Teaching 61,897 172,873 Domestic service 124,263 1,690,686 Bookbinding: paper and stationery manufactures 42,644 64,210 Textile manufactures 492,175 663,222 Dress manufactures 336,186 689,956 -------------------- 1,058,257 3,348,216 All other occupations 9,098,717 823,535 -------------------- All occupations 10,156,974 4,171,751 The manufactures in which women have been gaining upon men are the textile and clothing trades in almost all branches, tobacco, printing, stationery, brushes, india-rubber, and foods. § 2. Women's Wages.--Turning now to women engaged in city industries, let us gauge their industrial condition by the tests of wages, hours of labour, sanitary conditions, regularity of employment The following is a list of the average wages paid for different kinds of factory work in London. Artificial flowers 8 to 12 shillings. Bookbinding 9 " 11 " Boxmaking 8 " 16 " Brushes 8 " 15 " Caps 8 " 16 " Collars 11 " 15 " Confectionery 8 " 14 " Corsets 8 " 16 " Fur-sewing 7 " 14 " Fur-sewing in winter 4 " 7 " Matches 8 " 13 " Rope 8 " 11 " Umbrellas 10 " 18 " These are ordinary wages. Very good or industrious workers are said to get in some cases 20 per cent, more; unskilful or idle workers less. It must be borne in mind that these sums represent a full week's work. The importance of this qualification will appear presently.