The worship of divinities bearing the name of Eumenides, though unknown
at Athens[666], was wider-spread than that of the Semnae, which is found
nowhere outside Attica. It was possibly for this reason that Aeschylus
or later tradition gave this name to the play. The Semnae were familiar
figures at Athens, and, spite of many underworld analogies, the shift
from Erinyes to Semnae must have been a difficult one. A great deal is
borne for the glory of the gods, but there must have been among the
audience men conservative and hard-headed who would be likely to maintain
that, all said and done, the Erinyes were not, could not be, Semnae. If
asked to believe that the Erinyes became Eumenides, they would feel and
probably say: that is a matter for Colonos, for Argos, for Sekyon to
consider; it affects no Athenian’s faith or practice. At Colonos it is
certain that goddesses were worshipped who bore the name of Eumenides,
goddesses of function and ritual precisely identical with the Semnae, but
addressed by a different cultus epithet. We have the express statement
of Sophocles[667], who, as a priest himself and a conservative, was not
likely to tamper with ritual titles. He makes Oedipus ask the stranger
who they are whose dread name he is to invoke. The answer is explicit:
‘Eumenides all-seeing here the folk
Would call them: other names please otherwhere.’
Sophocles no doubt shows the influence of Aeschylus in his ‘other names
please otherwhere.’ He realizes that Eumenides and Semnae are ‘one form
of diverse names[668].’ This truth it was the mission of the reconciling
monotheist always to preach, but he would scarcely dare to tamper with
the familiar titles of a local cult. In fact by this very statement, that
elsewhere the goddesses bore other names, he makes the local appellation
certain. He may indeed have brought Oedipus to Colonos rather than to the
Areopagos, where he had also a grave, just because the local attributive
title of the goddesses at Colonos suited the gentle moral of his play.
Again when Oedipus asks to be taught to pray aright, the Chorus lay
emphasis on the title Eumenides.
‘That, as we call them Kindly, from kind hearts
They may receive the suppliant[669].’
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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