But mythology is too unconscious not to betray itself. Herodotus[953]
says that the Thracians worship three gods only: Ares, Dionysos
and Artemis. Between Ares and Dionysos there would seem to be but
little in common, but in one current myth their kinship comes out all
unconsciously. It is just these unconscious revelations that are in
mythology of cardinal importance. The story is that known as ‘the bonds
of Hera’ (Ἥρας δεσμοί). Hephaistos, to revenge himself for his downfall
from heaven, sent to his mother Hera a golden throne with invisible
bonds. The Olympians took counsel how they might free their queen. None
but Hephaistos knew the secret of loosing. Ares[954] vowed he would bring
Hephaistos by force. Hephaistos drove him off with firebrands. Force
failed, but Hephaistos yielded to the seduction of Dionysos and was
brought in drunken triumph back to Olympus. It was a good subject for
broad comedy, and Epicharmus used it in his ‘Revellers or Hephaistos.’
It attained a rather singular popularity in art; the subject occurs on
upwards of thirty vase-paintings black and red figured. Earlier than any
literary source for the myth is unquestionably the famous François[955]
vase (early sixth century B.C.) in the Museo Civico at Florence, where
the scene is depicted in broad epic fashion and with some conscious
humour. All the figures are inscribed. Zeus is there and Hera, seated
on the splendid, fatal throne. Dionysos leads the mule on which sits the
drunken Hephaistos. Up they come into the very presence of Zeus with
three attendant Silenoi carrying respectively a wine-skin, a flute, a
woman. It is the regular revel rout. Behind the throne of Hera crouches
Ares in deep dejection, on a sort of low stool of repentance, while
Athene looks back at him with scorn. Why are Ares and Dionysos thus set
in rivalry? Not merely because wine is mightier than war, but because the
two, Ares and Dionysos, are Thracian rivals, with Hephaistos of Lemnos
for a third. It is a bit of local mythology transplanted later to Olympus.
The diverse fates of these two Thracian gods are instructive. Ares was
realized as a Thracian to the end. In Homer he is only half accepted in
Olympus, he is known as a ruffian and a swashbuckler and like Aphrodite
escapes[956] to his home as soon as he is released:
‘Straightway forth sprang the twain;
To savage Thrace went Ares, but Kypris with sweet smile
Hied her to her fair altar place, in pleasant Paphos’ isle.’
The newly admitted gods, such as Ares and Aphrodite, are never really
at home in Olympus. Dionysos, as has already been seen (p. 366), has no
place in the Homeric Olympus, but, once he does force an entry, his seat
is far more stable. In the _Oedipus Tyrannos_ Sophocles[957] realizes
that Dionysos and Ares are the great Theban divinities, but Ares is of
slaughter and death, Dionysos of gladness and life. He makes his chorus
summon Dionysos to banish Ares his fellow divinity:
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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