190. What four classes of motor activities characteristic of emotions are distinguished in the text? 191. What motor activities are called expressions? 192. Give examples of expressions of emotion. 193. Give examples of motor activities which are not expressions of emotion, but nevertheless of much significance for the subject’s experience of an emotion. 194. What is temperament? 195. What is a passion? § 21. COMPLICATIONS OF WILLING We have shown in an earlier chapter how voluntary--that is, foreseeing--actions develop out of instincts. Sensations result from the instinctive action, are associated with those other impressions which called forth the instinctive response, can then be reproduced by them, and can themselves produce the action. When an action is thus foreseen, it is called voluntary. Such simple voluntary actions are then combined into complicated groups and chain-like progressions. The conscious result of the first movement calls up the idea of a further movement, its execution that of a third movement, and so on. Serial activities of this kind often go on for a long time; for example, walking, eating, dressing, writing, sewing, rowing. As experience of the relations between the external things and practice in the performance advance, such serial actions become more and more perfect in several respects. Their conscious anticipation is more and more extended, so that they may be adapted to very remote consequences, the occurrence of which is not expected until days or weeks afterward. They are more and more refined in that they adjust themselves accurately in direction, speed, and force to the special circumstances of each case. They are performed in less time and more economically; all detail movements which are either wrong or merely superfluous come to be entirely omitted.