In reading, there is a mental set which is an inner response to the _context_, and which determines which of the several well-known meanings of a word shall actually be called to mind when the word is read. Presented alone, a word may call up any of its meanings, according to frequency, etc.; but in context it usually brings to mind just the one meaning that fits the context. The same is true of conversation. The objective _situation_ arouses a mental set that controls both thought and action. The situation of being in church, for example, determines the meanings that are got from the words heard, and controls the motor behavior to {385} fit the occasion. The subject, observing the situation, adjusts himself to it, perhaps without any conscious effort, and his adjustment facilitates appropriate mental and motor reactions, while inhibiting others. A _problem_ arouses a mental set directed towards solution of the problem. A difficult problem, however, differs from a context or familiar task or situation in this important respect, that the appropriate response has not been previously linked with the present stimulus, so that, in spite of ever so good a mental set, the right response cannot immediately be recalled. One must _search_ for the right response. Still, the mental set is useful here, in directing the search, and keeping it from degenerating into an aimless running hither and thither. Problem solution is so different a process from smooth-running controlled association that it deserves separate treatment, which will be given it a few chapters further on, under the caption of reasoning. {386} EXERCISES 1. Outline the chapter. 2. The rating of images belonging under different senses. Try to call up the images prescribed below, and rate each image according to the following scale: _3. . . . The image is practically the same as a sensation, as bright, full, incisive, and, in short, possessed of genuine sensory quality_. _2. . . . The image has a moderate degree of sensory quality_. _1. . . . The image has only faint traces of sensory quality_. _0. . . . No sensory image is called up, though there was a recall of the fact mentioned_. Call up visual images of: a friend's face, a sun flower, a white house among trees, your own signature written in ink. Call up auditory images of: the sound of your friend's voice, a familiar song, an automobile horn, the mewing of a cat. Call up olfactory images of: the odor of coffee, of new-mown hay, of tar, of cheese. Call up gustatory images of: sugar, salt, bitter, acid. Call up cutaneous images of: the feel of velvet, a lump of ice, a pencil held against the tip of your nose, a pin pricking your finger. Call up kinesthetic imagery of: lifting a heavy weight, reaching up to a high shelf, opening your mouth wide, kicking a ball.