The general plan of this book, then, is as follows. Up to this point, it has been providing a stock of methods and general conceptions to serve as tools in psychological study: consciousness and behavior, the introspective and objective methods, reactions and tendencies to reaction, native and acquired, and the part played by the nervous system. Next comes a survey of reactions provided by the native constitution, and after that a study of the process of learning or acquiring reactions. Finally, there are several chapters devoted to such topics as imagination, reasoning and will, which are ways in which the individual utilizes his whole equipment, native and acquired, in meeting the exigencies of life. {103} EXERCISES 1. Outline the chapter. 2. When does the individual come into existence as an individual? When does he begin to acquire traits? How long does he continue to unfold his native traits, and how long does he continue to acquire traits? 3. Which of the following elements of spoken language are native, and which acquired? (a) Production of voice by the vocal cords and air blast from the lungs. (b) Varying the voice in loudness. (c) Varying the voice in pitch. (d) Production of vowels by different positions of the mouth. (e) Production of consonants by lip and tongue movements. (f) Combination of vowels and consonants into words. (g) Combination of words into idioms and grammatical sentences, (h) Attachment of meanings to words. (i) Sweet-toned voice. (j) Nasal twang. (k) Fluency in speaking. 4. In each of the following reactions, decide whether the connection of stimulus and response is probably native or acquired: Stimulus Response (a) a sudden noise starting (b) a bright light blinking (c) a bright light shading your eyes (d) cold putting on coat (e) cold shivering (f) sight of a ball reaching for it (g) ball in the hand throwing it (h) slipping righting yourself (i) row of objects counting them (j) insulting language anger REFERENCES Edward L. Thorndike, in Chapter I of his _Educational Psychology, Briefer Course_, 1914, gives a general survey of the native factors in mental life and behavior. {104} Hollingworth and Poffenberger, in their _Applied Psychology_, 1917, devote Chapters II and III to the matter of mental heredity. Norsworthy and Whitley, in their _Psychology of Childhood_, devote Chapters I and II to "original nature". C. B. Davenport, in his _Heredity and Eugenics_, presents evidence of the importance of heredity in determining mental and moral traits. Yerkes and Bloomfleld, in a short article in the _Psychological Bulletin_ for 1910, Vol. 7, pp. 253-263, under the title, "_Do Kittens Instinctively Kill Mice?_", furnish a good illustration of the method employed in distinguishing native from acquired reactions. {105}