Primary emotions become refined, first by modifications of the motor response, by which socially acceptable reactions are substituted for the primitive crying, screaming, biting and scratching, guffawing, dancing up and down in excitement, etc.; second by new attachments on the side of the stimulus, such that the emotion is no longer called out by the original simple type of situation (it takes a more serious danger, a subtler bit of humor, to arouse the emotional response); and third by combination of one emotion with another. An example of compound emotion is the blend of tenderness and amusement awakened in the friendly adult by the actions of a little child. Hate is perhaps a compound of anger and fear, and pity a compound of grief and tenderness. There are dozens of names of emotions in the language--resentment, reverence, gratitude, disappointment, etc.--which probably stand for compound emotions rather than for primary emotions, but the derivation of each one of them from the primary emotions is a difficult task. The emotional life cannot be kept apart from the life of ideas, for the individual is a good deal of a unit. {136} EXERCISES 1. Outline the chapter. 2. Make a list of 20 words denoting various emotional states. 3. Trace the expressive facial movement of pouting back to its probable origin in the history of the individual. 4. What internal nerves are concerned with digestion? With fear? 5. Show by diagrams the differences between (a) the common-sense theory of the emotions, (b) the James-Lange theory, (c) the James-Lange theory modified to take full account of the reaction-tendency. 6. Make a list of objections to the James-Lange theory, and scrutinize each objection carefully, to see (a) whether it really attacks the theory, or misconceives it. (b) whether it carries much or little weight. 7. Act out several emotions, (a) by facial expression alone, and (b) by facial expression plus gestures, and let another person guess what emotion you are trying to express. How many times does he guess right under (a), and under (b)? 8. Discuss the relative practical importance of emotion and impulse. REFERENCES For the James-Lange theory, see the chapter on the emotions by William James, in his _Principles of Psychology_, 1890, Vol. II, pp. 442-485. For Darwin's views on expressive movements, see his _Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals_, first published in 1872. For pictures of facial expression in various emotions, see Antoinette Feleky, in the _Psychological Review_ for 1914, Vol. 21, pp. 33-41. For the internal physiological changes, see Walter B. Cannon's _Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage_, 1915. For an interesting and important view of the close connection between emotion and instinct, see William McDougall's _Introduction to Social Psychology_, Chapter II. {137} CHAPTER VIII INVENTORY OF HUMAN INSTINCTS AND PRIMARY EMOTIONS