In “Nana,” Zola has a masochistic scene, and likewise in “Eugène Rougon.” The latest “decadent” literature of France and Germany is also largely concerned with the themes of sadism and masochism. According to von Stefanowsky’s statement, the modern Russian novel frequently treats the subject; but the statements of the writer of travels, Johann Georg Forster (1754–1794), show that this subject also played a _rôle_ in Russian folk-songs. (b) _Foot-and Shoe-Fetichists—Larvated Masochism._—Following the above-mentioned group of “symbolic” masochists, who do not exactly desire abuse by women as the means of expression of subjection, but all kinds of silly acts that can be understood only through an acquaintance with the masochistic circle of ideas, comes the very numerous class of foot- and shoe-fetichists. By fetichists (_v. infra_, 3) I understand individuals whose sexual interest is confined exclusively to parts of the female body, or to certain portions of female attire. One of the most frequent forms of this fetichism is that in which the female foot or shoe is the fetich, and becomes the exclusive object of sexual feeling and desire. It is highly probable, and shown by a correct classification of the observed cases, that the majority—and perhaps all—of the cases of shoe-fetichism rest upon a basis of more or less conscious masochistic desire for self-humiliation. In Hammond’s case (Case 53) the satisfaction of a masochist was found in being trod upon. In Cases 44 and 48, they also had themselves trod upon; in Case 51, _equus eroticus_, the person loved a woman’s foot, etc. In the majority of cases of masochism, the act of being trod upon with feet plays a part[69] as an easily accessible means of expressing the relation of subjection. Of the numerous established cases of shoe-fetichism, the following one, reported by Dr. A. Moll, of Berlin, which corresponds in many respects with Hammond’s case, but which is described in more detail and more carefully observed, seems especially suited to show the connection between masochism and shoe-fetichism:— Case 60. O. L., aged 31, book-keeper in a city of Wurtemburg; comes of a tainted family. The patient is a large, powerful man, of ruddy appearance. In general he is of a quiet temperament, but may become very violent on occasion; he says himself that he is quarrelsome and inclined to assert himself. L. is of a kindly disposition and generous; easily made to weep. At school he passed for a talented pupil, with good powers of comprehension. The patient at times has congestion of the head, but is otherwise healthy, except that he is much depressed and melancholic as a result of his sexual perversion, here to be described. But little can be learned of any hereditary taint. The following facts concerning the development of his sexual life are gathered from the patient’s own statements:—