[52] The distinction between the crowd and the public is best developed in the writings of Robert E. Park. Freud undertook to explain the crowd on the theory that an emotional bond was forged by identification of the individual with a leader, and by a process of partial identification through the perception of this similar relationship to the leader. He set out from the observation that when people are interacting upon one another they behave differently than when they are alone. The loss of individuality represents a relinquishment of narcissistic gratification which can only come when libido is directed outward toward objects. Freud’s theory applies strictly to a special case of crowd behavior only. Crowd states may also arise when interlocking partial identifications occur on the perception of a common threat. Crowd behavior often arises before anybody assumes a “leading” rôle, and rival leaders are “selected” by the crowd. [53] _Studies in the Psychology of Sex_, I, 231. [54] Kempf, _Psychopathology_, p. 704. [55] Franz Alexander, “Mental Hygiene and Criminology,” _First International Congress on Mental Hygiene_. [56] For an appreciation of the rôle of the pathological person in society see Wilhelm Lange-Eichbaum, _Genie-Irrsinn, und Ruhm_, and Karl Birnbaum, _Grundzüge der Kulturpsychopathologie_. [57] Something like this is no doubt the thought in Trigant Burrow’s very obscure book on _The Social Basis of Consciousness_. [58] This point was forcibly made by Beardsley Ruml in his speech at the dedication of the Social Science Research Building at the University of Chicago. See _The New Social Science_, edited by Leonard D. White, pp. 99-111. [59] I have suggested that those who write human biography should be included among those who require this comprehensive training. See “The Scientific Study of Human Biography,” _Scientific Monthly_, January, 1930. [60] Modified and expanded from “The Psychoanalytic Interview as a Method of Research on Personalities,” in _The Child’s Emotions_, pp. 136-59. [61] See Harold D. Lasswell, “The Problem of Adequate Personality Records: A Proposal,” _American Journal of Psychiatry_, May 1929. Also Appendix B of _The Proceedings of the First Colloquium on Personality Investigation_. [62] We are now engaged upon studies of this kind at the Personality Laboratory in the Social Science Research Building at the University of Chicago. Harry Stack Sullivan is conducting a series of researches on expression changes, with particular reference to schizophrenia, which are of the greatest importance. [63] The topic of reliable criteria will be dealt with in detail in the reports upon experiments in progress. [64] The best technical discussions of the nature of the analytical situation are in the writings of Freud, Rank, Ferenczi, Nunberg, and Alexander. [65] Expanded from an article with the same title which appeared in the _Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology_, January, 1930.