Cooking -- Study and teaching (Secondary); Home economics
NOTE.--After this each teacher must arrange lessons according
to circumstances, age of pupils, etc., alternating cooking with
lessons in care of kitchen and utensils, and lectures on sanitary
matters, laundry work, setting table, and serving.
* * * * *
APPENDIX.
Outlines Nos. I and II, for class work, are contributed by Prof.
Kinne, of Teachers' College, Columbia University, N.Y. City.
OUTLINE I.
The following outline is offered as a tentative plan of work, for an
average class of girls, in the highest grades of the Public school.
The exact order of lessons depends in a measure on the skill and
interest of the pupils, and the special dishes selected to illustrate
a principle, upon the circumstances of the pupils, and upon the season
of the year.
It should be noted that beginning with the third lesson, there are
four lessons on the cooking of carbohydrates; then four on the cooking
of nitrogenous foods; next the batters, combining the two, and
introducing the use of fat, and so on. It is the purpose of this
arrangement to enforce the effects produced by heat on the food
principles, singly and in combination; to alternate the groups, so
that there is a constant review of principles already established; and
to give practical work of increasing difficulty.
The course in cooking should be preceded by a few lessons in
house-work; and at least one on the care of the kitchen. It is taken
for granted that the lessons are accompanied by a study of food
values, the cost of food, marketing, etc.
1. Simple experiments in combustion--to illustrate the structure of
stoves and the care of such stoves. Study of the fuel and apparatus
to be used in the school kitchen; practice in using the apparatus;
comparison with other apparatus.
2. Utensils--what they are, of what materials, and why. It is well to
have pupils make a list in note-book of simple kitchen furnishing.
Experiments with the boiling of water, in Florence flask, in
tea-kettle, and in covered saucepan, using thermometer. Use of double
boiler. Compare with boiling water the temperature of fat hot enough
for frying, and also that of the oven. To illustrate the two latter,
croutons may be made.
3. Measuring--experiment with the cooking of starch in water;
cornstarch pudding, or tapioca or sago jelly. Develop the idea of the
effect of the boiling temperature on the starch grains, the bursting
of the grains, and the change in flavor due to continued cooking.
4. A cereal and a fruit,--say, baked apples. In the cereal, in
addition to the starch, is the cooking of the woody fibre. Note in
both cereal and fruit the flavors developed by heat, the cooking being
a continuation, as it were, of the ripening process.
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