The furnace illustrated in fig. 29 is suited to this determination. It consists of a silica tube 1 foot long, wound with a special resistance wire and efficiently lagged, and may be heated in safety to 1000° C. for long periods, and to 1200° for a short time. It may be placed across the electric mains directly, and reaches 900° C. in less than half an hour. It consumes 600 to 700 watts at the highest temperatures, and the cost of re-winding is small. This furnace is useful as a general laboratory appliance, and may be kept at a given steady temperature by the use of an external resistance. The wires in this experiment should be platinum and iridioplatinum or rhodioplatinum, or a good pair of base metals, and the junctions in A should be separated from each other and from the specimen by asbestos; the same precaution being taken to prevent the junction E from touching B. A thin layer of mica should be used beneath A and B, to avoid contact with the furnace tube, which, when hot, allows of leakage of current from the heating coil. Both A and B may be 1½ in. long, ¾ in. diameter, with a hole ¼ in. diameter drilled to a depth of ¾ inch. An alternative method is to insert a junction in a hole in the specimen, and to take direct readings as the temperature slowly rises or falls, when an arrest in the movement of the pointer of the indicator shows that the change-point has been reached. Special sets are made for this purpose. =Measurement of Lower Temperatures by the Thermo-electric Method.=—Many cases arise in practice in which a thermal junction and a sensitive galvanometer are preferable to a mercury thermometer; and below -39° C., at which temperature mercury freezes, a thermal junction is frequently better to employ than an alcohol or pentane thermometer. A number of practical examples of the use of thermal junctions for ordinary and low temperatures will now be considered. =Measurement of Surface Temperatures.=—A mercury thermometer, when laid on a hot surface, only touches along a line, and does not show the true surface temperature. The construction of a thermal junction suitable for this purpose is described on page 41, and for steam-pipe surfaces, hot plates, and the exterior of furnaces, a specially calibrated millivoltmeter, giving a full-scale deflection with 20 millivolts, may be used. In making the temperature scale, boiling water (100°C.), boiling aniline (184° C.), and melting tin (232° C.) are convenient standards. If the surface temperature be less than 100° C. a mirror galvanometer should be used, and the junction standardized in paraffin wax (freezing point usually about 50° C., but should previously be determined with an accurate thermometer), absolute alcohol at boiling point (79° C.) and boiling water. The author has found that this method yields excellent results in the case of steam-pipes, the exterior of rotary cement kilns, and hot surfaces generally.