On this corpuscular theory of the nature of the γ rays, each electron must have a large apparent mass, or otherwise it would be appreciably deflected by an intense magnetic field. The energy of motion of the electron must, in consequence, be very great, and, if the number of the electrons constituting the γ rays is of the same order of magnitude as the number of the β particles, a large heating effect is to be expected when the γ rays are stopped in matter. Paschen[174] made some experiments on the heat emission of radium due to the γ rays; he concluded that the γ rays were responsible for more than half of the total heat emission of radium and carried away energy at the rate of over 100 gram calories per hour per gram of radium. This result was not confirmed by later experiments of Rutherford and Barnes[175], who found that the heating effect of the γ rays could not be more than a few per cent. of the total heat emission of radium. These results will be considered later in chapter XII. The weight of evidence, both experimental and theoretical, at present supports the view that the γ rays are of the same nature as the X rays but of a more penetrating type. The theory that the X rays consist of non-periodic pulses in the ether, set up when the motion of electrons is arrested, has found most favour, although it is difficult to provide experimental tests to decide definitely the question. The strongest evidence in support of the wave nature of the X rays is derived from the experiments of Barkla[176], who found that the amount of secondary radiation set up by the X rays on striking a metallic surface depended on the orientation of the X ray bulb. The rays thus showed evidence of a one-sidedness or polarization which is only to be expected if the rays consist of a wave motion in the ether. PART V. Secondary Rays. =109. Production of secondary rays.= It has long been known that Röntgen rays, when they impinge on solid obstacles, produce secondary rays of much less penetrating power than the incident rays. This was first shown by Perrin and has been investigated in detail by Sagnac, Langevin, Townsend and others. Thus it is not surprising that similar phenomena should be observed for the radiation from radio-active substances. By means of the photographic method, Becquerel[177] has made a close study of the secondary radiations produced by radio-active substances. In his earliest observations, he noticed that radiographs of metallic objects were always surrounded by a diffuse border. This effect is due to the secondary rays set up by the incident rays at the surface of the screen.